I think that you can answer the questions, John, without once saying "frame of reference". Heresy, again.A BRIEF INTERMISSION...
Yes, another notional force.Speaking of simplifying things, I was just thinking how unecessarily complicated it was to say that in orbit the gravitational force is balanced by the centrifugal force, to explain the weightlessness felt. I said that that was problematic because there is not usually thought to be such a beast as centrifugal force.
When you turn the steering wheel, that changes the position of the contact patch of the tyre. The car reacts against that frictional force, so changing direction. You will feel those forces upon you via the seat, perhaps.There is the simpler description, which is that there is only the gravitational force, which is the centripetal force required to cause the acceleration, changing the velocity by changing the vector. When you take a turn in a car, similarly, in the horizontal direction, there is just the centripetal force applied via the seatbelt, door, etc. making your body follow that curve, and via the road on the wheels to turn the car.
If as a result, you are accelerated forward, then your velocity will change and you will gain some KE until restrained by the belt. Your KE will be dissipated through various means, within your body for example, while the seat belt will be stretched according to the applied force, so retraining any further motion.
There is the force of gravity that is met by an equal force from the ground.Forces come in pairs though, so doesn't this description break Newton's Third? Oh no, of course, there is a gravitational force on the planet, equal to the force on the orbiting body. So, is there a centrifugal force, too, of a person against their seatbelt? Isn't that what you feel at the end of the string when you whirl something round? The mass may 'experience' an inward force, but you definitely feel an outward pull.
That does not make the force upon you zero, but your velocity zero.
The force is real, it is the reaction due to the 'elasticity' of the supporting mass. While in free-fall in a vacuum, that opposing force is missing. Newton works from there, so you gain velocity and KE.
As Clive said, centrifugal force on the siring is an illusion. You pull on the string to make the object change its course from a straight line; a tangent to the string. That requires acceleration, and so the force from you. It feels like it is pulling, but that is just a sensory illusion. If you close your eyes and concentrate, you can correct for that.
Is that better, according to Newton? There are always pairs of forces, but the body to which they apply are different, so each can feel a net unbalanced force. In the usual situation where your weight is resisted by the normal force, it's easy to think of those as the pair of forces that Newton's Third refers to, but are there actually four forces - your weight, the "weight" of the earth (it's gravitational response up towards you), the normal force, i.e. the physical resistance of the earth's surface, and your physical resistance to that, its pair?
...OK. Ding ding, round 83
There are two 'static' forces. Gravity and the normal reactive force of the ground. One is a reaction to the other.
