Nuclear tsunami in the Persian Gulf?

metamars

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There's a rather large, or at least potent, American armada on it's way to the Middle East. I was wondering if this armada is susceptible to destruction via a tsunami created by nuclear weapons, while within the Persian Gulf. I'm not sufficiently interested in this to do any significant research, but maybe somebody has good insight. (I don't even know if "destruction" is the appropriate word. If a tsunami caused a destroyer to capsize, will it right itself, on it's own? Can't say that I know the answer!)

AFAIK, the only country with nuclear weapons in the region are the US and Israel. However, just recently the US and Poland agreed to go through with a deal for Poland to host a NATO missile system, to the Russian's fury. They may decide that appropriate response is nuclear protection of Iran*. Not, I should think, to the extent of declaring war on the US if it attacks Iran, but rather of helping defend Iran by destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran. (I assume that such a Russian-Iranian defense pact would be conditional on Iran not developing nuclear weapons of its own.)

In the event of hostilities, such a defense may take the form, initially, of a "shot across the bow", by way of a nuclear tsunami. The Persian Gulf has an average depth of only 50 meters, compared to an average depth of 3,339 meters of the Atlantic Ocean, including its adjacent seas. A nuclear bomb at the bottom of the Atlantic isn't going to make a big splash (pardon the pun), but the Persian Gulf may be another story. Imagine a series of 6 sequential nuclear explosions in the northwestern gulf, timed such that the highest wave crest is optimally reinforced as it proceeds southeast. What would happen?

If a tsunami sufficient to capsize, say, half of the American armada was the result, it may stop an American attack dead in it's tracks, while still allowing most of crews to survive (assuming the ships don't sink). Assume, also, that topside jets on aircraft carriers end up getting pitched into the gulf. If hostilities continued, another nuclear tsunami might be created, but this one accompanied by one or two tactical nuclear missiles aimed directly at the American fleet, which may more easily find their marks due to chaotic conditions caused by the tsunami. The idea is to gradually ramp up the response, in the hopes of avoiding an all-out exchange of tactical nuclear weapons, while still preventing the US from destroying Iran's infrastructure and military capacity, on the one hand. On the other hand, the nuclear tsunami might be necessary to potentiate a straighforward missile attack, via shaking up the crews in ships that did not capsize, and possibly confusing both hardware and software defense systems that weren't designed to work under conditions of extreme agitation.

I know something of ancient Greek history, and know that the turning point of the invasion of Greece by Persia (nowadays called Iran), was via defeating them in a naval battle called the Battle of Salamis, wherein the Persian fleet had great difficulty maneuvering. The main contingent of the Greek fleet was Athenian. So, you think they'd be uber cautious about having their own fleet caught up in similar conditions? Well, the battle of Salamis was in 480 BC, but in 413 BC the remnants of a large Athenian expeditionary fleet was defeated after getting bottled up in a harbour in Syracuse. The Athenian triremes were so cramped, they couldn't even ram the Syracusan boats broadside, their usual method. Eventually, the entire expeditionary force was destroyed (killed, captured, or sold into slavery), and Athens itself fell in 404 BC.

The current American armada heading towards the Persian gulf is large and potent (see below), but now that the situation in Eastern Europe has decayed, I can't help but wonder if we are looking at the end of the Middle Eastern part of the American empire. Absent Russian nuclear weapons, I don't see that. Thanks to stupidity and hubris on the part of the American leadership, which thinks it can push nuclear-armed Russia around indefinitely (apparently, trying to create a peaceful, prosperous, and cooperative new world order after the Soviet empire fell apart was something they just couldn't wrap their minds around), I can see the American armada getting defeated by Russian nuclear weapons, and even if Iran's infrastructure was destroyed in the process, what would prevent a subsequent uprising against America's military in the Middle East from being successful? The Russians don't have much to lose, since a nuclear response by the US on Russian soil would mean the favor being returned by the Russians. In other words, that's not going to happen - even Dick Cheney & co. are not that crazy. A tactical nuclear duel between the US and Russia that begins in the Middle East will stay there.

While some people were concerned about $300 / barrel oil, they probably assumed that, at the end of the day, the US would still control things, and the Persian Gulf would be re-opened after a month or two. Instead, we may get a wrecked Middle East, more or less complete loss of US influence there, and worldwide depression, except in countries like.... like Russia, which would materially profit! (Since Russia has enough of its own oil and gas, and would reap extraordinary profits while Middle Eastern oil was off the market).

I wonder, if such a scenario played out, whether the pitiful American media would still place the blame elsewhere, and if Nancy Pelosi would still say impeachment is off the table? Probably.

Nuclear weapons change everything, don't they? Well, maybe I read too much ancient history and watch too much science fiction.... Then too, I had pet turtles when I was a kid. Let me assure you, a turtle which is upside down is a different ball of wax from one which is rightside up. :(


From stopwaroniran.org:

Naval forces now heading towards the Gulf include:

Carrier Strike Group Nine:
USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN72) nuclear powered carrier with its Carrier Air Wing Two
Destroyer Squadron Nine:
USS Mobile Bay (CG53) guided missile cruiser
USS Russell (DDG59) guided missile destroyer
USS Momsen (DDG92) guided missile destroyer
USS Shoup (DDG86) guided missile destroyer
USS Ford (FFG54) guided missile frigate
USS Ingraham (FFG61) guided missile frigate
USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG60) guided missile frigate
USS Curts (FFG38) guided missile frigate
Plus one or more nuclear hunter-killer submarines
Peleliu Expeditionary Strike Group:
USS Peleliu (LHA-5) a Tarawa-class amphibious assault carrier
USS Pearl Harbor (LSD52) assult ship
USS Dubuque (LPD8) assult ship/landing dock
USS Cape St. George (CG71) guided missile cruiser
USS Halsey (DDG97) guided missile destroyer
USS Benfold (DDG65) guided missile destroyer

Carrier Strike Group Two:
USS Theodore Roosevelt (DVN71) nuclear powered carrier with its Carrier Air Wing Eight
Destroyer Squadron 22:
USS Monterey (CG61) guided missile cruiser
USS Mason (DDG87) guided missile destroyer
USS Nitze (DDG94) guided missile destroyer
USS Sullivans (DDG68) guided missile destroyer
USS Springfield (SSN761) nuclear powered hunter-killer submarine
IWO ESG ~ Iwo Jima Expeditionary Strike Group
USS Iwo Jima (LHD7) amphibious assault carrier with its Amphibious Squadron Four
and with its 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit
USS San Antonio (LPD17) assault ship
USS Velia Gulf (CG72) guided missile cruiser
USS Ramage (DDG61) guided missile destroyer
USS Carter Hall (LSD50) assault ship
USS Roosevelt (DDG80) guided missile destroyer
USS Hartfore (SSN768) nuclear powered hunter-killer submarine

Carrier Strike Group Seven:
USS Ronald Reagan (CVN76) nuclear powered carrier with its Carrier Air Wing 14
Destroyer Squadron 7:
USS Chancellorsville (CG62) guided missile cruiser
USS Howard (DDG83) guided missile destroyer
USS Gridley (DDG101) guided missile destroyer
USS Decatur (DDG73) guided missile destroyer
USS Thach (FFG43) guided missile frigate
USNS Rainier (T-AOE-7) fast combat support ship

* Looks like the Russians are going to put nuclear weapons back into their Baltic fleet, for the first time since the Cold War ended. Nice job, there, President Bush.
 
> I was wondering if this armada is susceptible to destruction via a tsunami created by nuclear weapons

I was wondering if it's possible to create a tsunami with nuclear weapons, and you didn't actually answer that.
 
> I was wondering if this armada is susceptible to destruction via a tsunami created by nuclear weapons

I was wondering if it's possible to create a tsunami with nuclear weapons, and you didn't actually answer that.

Correct, because I'm not able to without doing a lot more work than I am willing to. Hence, I'm hoping that somebody with more knowledge and insight than I possess, who is able to easily answer the question, will do so.
 
It susceptible to destruction via haveing nuclear weapons droped on it or enough anti ship missiles.
 
Correct, because I'm not able to without doing a lot more work than I am willing to. Hence, I'm hoping that somebody with more knowledge and insight than I possess, who is able to easily answer the question, will do so.
Yeah, I just reread the post. I see what I missed, and I don't know.

I do know that if a nuke is launched with US forces in the area it'll be considered an attack and everything goes to hell.
 
Yeah, I just reread the post. I see what I missed, and I don't know.

I do know that if a nuke is launched with US forces in the area it'll be considered an attack and everything goes to hell.

Can't say I disgree with that, in general.

However, one thing that a use-the-nukes-faraway-to-just-tip-a-few-boats-over-and-give-everybody-else-a-headache option would do is that it would allow Russian defenders of Iran to demonstrate that they're not going to stand down, but that they're also going to try and avoid hitting any "all out" trip wires. The hope is that by minimizing American casualties (perhaps while still cause enormous material losses - how long would it take to clean up a ship which has capsized? Imagine the electrical shorts..), the American side will reconsider and decide that maybe playing nice isn't such a bad idea. The analogy is to city-trading as a strategy to avoid total destruction.

OTOH, if it does come down to a more or less complete nuclear duel in the Persian gulf, the nuclear missiles need to get sufficiently close to the American warships before they can do sufficient damage to sink them. The American ships will have defensive systems. A nuclear tsunami might degrade such systems by both hurting and disorienting their human operators, as well as damaging or 'disorienting' software and hardware that wasn't meant to be operated at a 90% + angle, or water logged.
 
Based this: http://www.usgs.gov/faq/list_faq_by_category/get_answer.asp?id=187
I would say it is quite possible to generate a tsunami using nukes. I suspect that the effect on ships on the open sea, even where 50m deep, would be insignificant. You could do a lot of damage to the coast though.

Well, I had assumed that the primary means of transferring energy to the water waves was via what I'll call direct coupling. Not, in particular, the nuke shaking the seabed, and the seabed, in turn, producing waves.
 
Not, I should think, to the extent of declaring war on the US if it attacks Iran, but rather of helping defend Iran by destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran. (I assume that such a Russian-Iranian defense pact would be conditional on Iran not developing nuclear weapons of its own.)

Not to the extent of declaring war?! Isn't "destroying [the military] airplanes, ships, and bases" of another country the very definition of war?

The idea is to gradually ramp up the response, in the hopes of avoiding an all-out exchange of tactical nuclear weapons,

You consider using six nukes is part of a gradual ramping up??

You also consider detonating six nukes upwind of a country to be protecting that country. Indeed!

What kind of blowback should the Russians expect after Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain each lose 50-250 thousand civilians living in coastal areas?
 
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Not to the extent of declaring war?! Isn't "destroying [the military] airplanes, ships, and bases" of another country the very definition of war?


You left out "involved in any attack on Iran". Doesn't
but rather of helping defend Iran by destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran.
follow from the very definition of the right to self-defense?


You consider using six nukes is part of a gradual ramping up??
The six nukes (a number which I pulled out of thin air, of course) are used merely to create the nuclear tsunami. They would only be used if an attack had already begun by the American side, though the definition of that would doubtless be subject to debate. Not being a military guy, I don't know what would be considered normal, but I would think that any cruise missile which entered Iranian air space would mean that the skirmish was on. Bombers, on the other hand, might be given some sort of warning, provided that they hadn't released their bombs, yet.

You also consider detonating six nukes upwind of a country to be protecting that country. Indeed!

What kind of blowback should the Russians expect after Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain each lose 50-250 thousand civilians living in coastal areas?

All of that would have to be considered, of course. I noticed that you didn't mention the Iranians. Certainly, they count also, right?
 
You left out "involved in any attack on Iran". Doesn't

follow from the very definition of the right to self-defense?

I left it out because it is irrelevant. "Destroying the destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran" is engaging in war. Your exact words were "Not... to the extent of declaring war on the US if it attacks Iran, but rather of helping defend Iran by destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran. " Is there any country on Earth that would not look at such action as declaring war on the U.S.?



The six nukes (a number which I pulled out of thin air, of course) are used merely to create the nuclear tsunami. They would only be used if an attack had already begun by the American side, though the definition of that would doubtless be subject to debate. Not being a military guy, I don't know what would be considered normal, but I would think that any cruise missile which entered Iranian air space would mean that the skirmish was on. Bombers, on the other hand, might be given some sort of warning, provided that they hadn't released their bombs, yet.

I cannot understand why you stress the word merely. Such an action would kill "merely" 100-400 thousand civilians in neutral countries.1 Engaging in an attack in which the ratio of neutral civilians to sailors of an aggressor country is at least 10 to 1 hardly seems to be a small step in ramping up hostilities. The largest off-shore oil and gas operation in the world is located in the Gulf. Damaging the platforms could also result in one of the largest environmental disasters in history.


All of that would have to be considered, of course. I noticed that you didn't mention the Iranians. Certainly, they count also, right?

My primary reason for leaving out Iranian casualties is that I could not find information about how many people live in Iran's coastal cities. My second reason is that they would be citizens of a country involved in the war. While killing civilians in a war is an undesirable outcome, killing civilians in countries not involved in the war is an even more undesirable outcome.


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(1) I am counting only the deaths from a tsunami. I have no idea how many more people would be killed by the immediate and long-term effects of six nuclear devices.

Aside: what is the lower limit for fusion bombs? Is it possible to build them small enough to achieve this effect?
 
I don't recall any tsunamis being made as a result of underwater nuke tests done in the south pacific.
 
At what depth were those South Pacific tests conducted? I think the OP's point is that the gulf is quite shallow.

However, it's also true that a tsunami is not of much note out on open water. Instead of the movie version, with the enormous wall of water, it's more like a huge swell. It's only when the swell hits land and breaks over normally-dry shoreline that it becomes so destructive.

Vessels at sea tend to just ride the thing out.

If one had a "device", it wouldn't be too hard to deploy it in this manner; just take it out in a small boat and scuttle. Use some sort of depth trigger.
 
IIRC Crossroads Baker was 30m, and the average depth was about 55m, the data from there also assisted in designing fleet tactics for protection agains nuclear detonations.

The deep water test (wigwam) showed little effect against surface vessels but great effect against subs at various depts
 
I left it out because it is irrelevant. "Destroying the destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran" is engaging in war. Your exact words were "Not... to the extent of declaring war on the US if it attacks Iran, but rather of helping defend Iran by destroying airplanes, ships, and bases involved in any attack on Iran. " Is there any country on Earth that would not look at such action as declaring war on the U.S.?
The US fought a war with North Vietnam, but never declared a war with that country. In the case of a Russia/Iran vs. US conflict, the point of making the distinction is not so much the legal niceties, but rather the concept that the whole point of such a strategy, on the part of the Russians, is both to stop US expansionism, hegemony and bullying, and also to do so with a minimum of casualties, both to the United States, as well as to Russian defenders and Iranians.

Formally declaring war on the US would be at odds with such a strategy, for it would mean that the Russians intended to carry out hostilities against the US beyond the Middle East. Not exactly a good idea if your intent is to minimize casualties, and prevent escalation to total nuclear war, now is it?

BTW, there are reports of American mercenaries being involved in Georgia's attack on S. Ossetia, which killed Russian peacekeepers. The Russians did not interpret this as a declaration of war - well, a hot war, anyway - and for good reason. They don't want an all-out war with the US.

I cannot understand why you stress the word merely. Such an action would kill "merely" 100-400 thousand civilians in neutral countries.1 Engaging in an attack in which the ratio of neutral civilians to sailors of an aggressor country is at least 10 to 1 hardly seems to be a small step in ramping up hostilities. The largest off-shore oil and gas operation in the world is located in the Gulf. Damaging the platforms could also result in one of the largest environmental disasters in history.
While 100-400K civilian casualties is nothing to make light of, to military planners trying to defend Iran, and ultimately Russia, this would (I expect) be considered a sad but acceptable loss necessary to be endured in order to prevent, say, the nuking of Teheran (population ~ 8 million) or of Moscow (population ~ 10 million). Recall that, with regards to Iran, "no options are being taken off the table", according to both the Bush administration and presumptive Democratic nominee, Barack Obama. Iraqi dead ultimately attributable to the US invasion of Iraq are over 1 million, and I've seen reports of now over 4 million displaced. I've heard of no apologies from the US to the Iraqis for this mess, nor have I heard of a single dollar or bag of rice being sent to Syria, for instance, for the relief of suffering of Iraqi refugees, there. I have heard of Iraqi women in Syria being reduced to prostitution in order to feed their families. (This was covered in the NY Times). {sarcasm} -> Apparently, this is part of the Bush Administration plan to win hearts and minds in the Middle East. <- {sarcasm}

In short, the deaths of 100K-400K innocents would be a tragedy, but the US is in no position to deliver sermons on that score, should it come to pass. Also, human nature being what it is, Americans are naturally more concerned about deaths of their own soldiers. I expect the Russians would make clear that they've minimized American casualties. This will be of little to no consolation to survivors of lost innocents, but it is to be expected that the point will not be lost on American elites, nor on the American public, should they become aware of it.

Recall also that, in the minds of lunatic neocons, the end game involves regime change in Russia and China.Do you suppose that the Russians feel great confidence that the US empire would not stoop to a nuclear first strike on its cities? While not expecting it, they cannot discount the possibility.

Of course, you raise a good point, and such a high casualty figure amongst neutral civilians might be sufficient to lead the Russians and Iranians to conclude that it'd be better to start off by taking out the smallest American ship of the armada, instead. Or, they may announce that they're going to detonate a single, smallish nuke halfway between a given ship and the Iranian coast - and then do it. The "boom" will certainly get everybody's attention, and show that the Russians intend to take care of business.

My primary reason for leaving out Iranian casualties is that I could not find information about how many people live in Iran's coastal cities. My second reason is that they would be citizens of a country involved in the war. While killing civilians in a war is an undesirable outcome, killing civilians in countries not involved in the war is an even more undesirable outcome.
Yup.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(1) I am counting only the deaths from a tsunami. I have no idea how many more people would be killed by the immediate and long-term effects of six nuclear devices.

Any reference?
 
Tsunamis generally have a wavelength of tens or hundreds of miles. A boat would probably not even notice a tsunami going by - there would be a very gradual rise in the overall level of the sea for a few minutes, then a very gradual fall. There is no way such a wave could cause a ship to even rock much, let along capsize, and I also doubt a nuclear weapon could create one. It's only when they reach the shore that tsunamis become dangerous (all that water, which is moving very fast, piles up on the land). (If the Persian gulf is sufficiently shallow there tsunamis might be somewhat more noticeable for surface ships than what I described, but I still don't think they could possibly be very significant for ships.)

Something like a "rogue wave" might be possible, but my intuition is that it would not travel very far or very fast from the site of the explosion. I think it would disperse quite rapidly even if it could be created.

In any case, why bother with such a thing? If you have nuclear weapons you're willing to use, just detonate one in an airburst over the fleet and be done with it.
 
IIRC Crossroads Baker was 30m, and the average depth was about 55m, the data from there also assisted in designing fleet tactics for protection agains nuclear detonations.

The deep water test (wigwam) showed little effect against surface vessels but great effect against subs at various depts

It's occurred to me that another low casualty approach that Russia could take is to detonate nukes in water, with the goal of creating fissures in the hulls of warships, eventually causing them to sink. Somehow, that seems less doable - I will guess that such an explosion will, of necessity, knock over a ship sooner than it would fracture hulls.
 
At what depth were those South Pacific tests conducted? I think the OP's point is that the gulf is quite shallow.


Well they were done in atolls and things, so a heck of a lot shallower than 50m.

The 1883 Krakatoa eruption was equivalent of 200 MT of TNT and produced a 40m high Tsunami.

The Halifax explosion (3KT) produced a Tsunami that reached a peak tide of 18m above the high-tide mark, and it lifted the Imo (a 5,000 ton cargo ship) up onto dry land, but this was very much a localised Tsunami exacerbated by the narrow confines of the harbour.

Of course all of this is somewhat irrelevant - unless the US ships were close enough to be carried ashore by said Tsunami the waves passing would hardly be noticed.
 
It's occurred to me that another low casualty approach that Russia could take is to detonate nukes in water, with the goal of creating fissures in the hulls of warships, eventually causing them to sink. Somehow, that seems less doable - I will guess that such an explosion will, of necessity, knock over a ship sooner than it would fracture hulls.

That is pretty much what happened with the saratoga (500m from epicentre) and the other sunk ships, mostly it was shockwaves rather than waterwaves that destroyed them. the other major problem was massive Rainout contamination. the most effective I would go for a nice low alt burst of a high neutron device device and make them hulls radio active yuk spots,
 
OK, I just did some math. "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons" (Glasstone & Dolan 1977) observes that the Baker (15kT) explosion made a 9-foot wave at a distance of 4,000 yards. Let's be totally naive and pretend that the wave energy goes up linearly with the bomb energy, that the wavelength is the same as the height (thus energy ~ height^3) and that it's dissipationless. We'll multiply by 1000 to get from (small fission bomb) Baker to (large hydrogen bomb) Castle Bravo---OK, that's a 90 foot wave at 4km---and we'll let this expand to the width of the Persian Gulf at about 40 km, and we're looking at a 40-foot wave.

First: a 40-foot wave doesn't sound like an exciting day at sea, much less the Loss of the Great White Fleet. (Anyone with any naval experience whatsoever: please correct me if I'm wrong.)

Second: I don't think we expect Random Furtive Nuclear Programs to develop 15MT H-bombs. My impression has always been that they're aiming for 10-kt-scale single-stage weapons.

Third: In water as shallow as the Persian Gulf (Wikipedia says 30m average depth) waves this big will not be dissipationless; they'll form breakers. Good for post-apocalyptic surfing; bad for delivering energy over long distances.

Fourth: Forget about the above calculations and make your wave as big as you like. Is there any height at which you can sink a ship without also sinking, e.g., the entire city of Abu Dhabi?
 

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