4. Conclusions
We show that 72% of the Antarctic ice sheet is gaining 27[qimg]http://public.metapress.com/clients/roysoc/html/entlib/plus/special/plusmn/black/med/base/glyph.gif[/qimg]29Gtyr-1, a sink of ocean mass sufficient to lower global sea levels by 0.08mmyr-1. The IPCC third assessment (
Church & Gregory 2001) partially offset an ongoing sea-level rise due to Antarctic retreat since the last glacial maximum (0.0-0.5mmyr-1) with a twentieth century fall due to increased snowfall (-0.2-0.0mmyr-1). But that assessment relied solely on models that neither captured ice streams nor the Peninsula warming, and the data show both have dominated at least the late twentieth century ice sheet. Even allowing a [qimg]http://public.metapress.com/clients/roysoc/html/entlib/plus/special/plusmn/black/med/base/glyph.gif[/qimg]30Gtyr-1 fluctuation in unsurveyed areas, they provide a range of -35-+115Gtyr-1. This range equates to a sea level contribution of -0.3-+0.1mmyr-1 and so
Antarctica has provided, at most, a negligible component of observed sea-level rise. In consequence, the data places a further burden on accounting (
Munk 2003) for the twentieth century rise of 1.5-2mmyr-1. What is clear, from the data, is that fluctuations in some coastal regions reflect long-term losses of ice mass, whereas fluctuations elsewhere appear to be short-term changes in snowfall. While the latter are bound to fluctuate about the long-term MAR, the former are not, and so the contribution of retreating glaciers will govern the twenty-first century mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet.