September 17, 2001
Dear Mom and Dad,
I had just started a letter to you folks when I checked my voice mail
and had a message from Dad to call him back. I enjoyed our brief call, and
thanks for the stock update. I am still shaken over what has happened. I keep
replaying that day over and over in my head. We studied the Trade Towers
extensively when I was in school. They were one of the first examples of an
innovative and efficient structural concept called "tube" restraint. The Sears
Towers are a variation called "bundled tube construction" and the idea is based
on a minimum of interior columns, with the exterior facade having more numerous
exterior perimeter columns. In the case of the WTC, there are no interior
columns. Only a central concrete core roughly 60-80 feet square comprised of
several vertical voids that house exit stairs, hoistways for the elevators,
utility raceways and mechanical chases; and also, significantly, the sprinkler
system main lines. The floors were prefabricated broad cellular panels of
parallel trusses and main decking that had a light weight concrete topping
applied after they were installed. They spanned a distance of roughly 60 feet
from the concrete core to the exterior gridwork of columns and horizontal
beams. the floor trusses restrained the exterior walls and prevented them from
buckling outward. The exterior structural system was prefabricated in panels of
multiple columns (steel tubes only 14 inches square) that spanned vertically
through 2 or three floors. This was a fast way to erect the building and helped
enclose the building faster. At the upper floors, the winds are so high at
times that no other work can begin (including pouring the floor topping) until
the exterior is in place.
Once the building was closed in, the underside of the floor assemblies
were sprayed with a cementitious mineral fiber coating for fire resistance.
Then the sprinkler lines were run, along with ductwork laterals from the main
ducts built into the floor assemblies. A ceiling grid would have been hung and
minor interior partitions fastened to the floor and ceiling grid and covered
with gypsum board panels. A building that size, 10 million square feet, would
have each floor (roughly 40,000 square feet each) separated by fire/smoke
barriers and exit corridors that prevented the migration of smoke and fire
throughout a given floor.
The stairs would have been considered an absolutely safe haven to leave
a fire-envolved floor to an area of safety. In high rise construction, the
stair towers are required to have the capability of being pressurized by large
fans so that, in a fire emergency, smoke will be kept out of the stair; even
with a number of the stair doors open. Otherwise it makes a perfect chimney.
That is why you should never use an elevator in a fire. There are hose
connections and hose cabinets at each floor so the firemen can fight the blaze
where ever it may occur without hauling hose up the building.
I'm no structural engineer, but the impact of the planes must have
severely damaged the center core. They were designed to handle a Boeing 707; a
typical plane in use in the late 60's. But no one imagined the thousands of
gallons of fuel that poured into the structure. With essentially every fire
barrier breached, the fuel must have flowed everywhere, and poured down the
cavities between floors. They say the fuel combined with all of the furnishings
produced fire temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees. Building beams and
columns are protected with the fire proofing to prevent structural failure at
temperatures of 1500 degrees for 1-hour. That is the way we design them per the
requirements of the various building codes. Combined with the automatic
sprinkler systems, the fire proofing in a structural steel building is intended
to give firemen enough time to contain the blaze.
With the sprinkler risers severed, and the cascading flood of fuel, the
firemen would never have been able to save the building's structure from
thermal failure in time. Ironically, Building 2 survived exactly one hour
before it collapsed. Building 1 lasted close to 1 3/4 hours. When the high
temperature caused the first few floor trusses to sag and pull away from the
exterior wall, the wall buckled outwards, causing a chain reaction of dropping
floor trusses, and buckling walls all the way to the bottom. The center core
would have been only designed to accommodate gravity loads, vertically imposed
loads. The falling floors must have created so much lateral force that the core
disintegrated in the same chain reaction. As each floor pancaked, a shockwave
blew out the windows and expelled the dust cloud of pulverized concrete, gypsum
dust, and the cementitious fiber fireproofing. It was one of the first
buildings constructed without asbestos fireproofing, so there should have been
no danger of that in the dust cloud.
In the last week, I have moved from shock and disbelief, through grief,
and have settled into an anger that won't go away. I keep thinking of those now
5,400 innocent people looking themselves in the mirror for the last time,
getting dressed for the last time and going to work. I can't imagine how those
firemen searching through the debris must feel. People of my generation, as I
mentioned to you before, never had a Great Depression, or a Pearl Harbor to
galvanize us and crystallize our beliefs; to bring us together as one nation. We
were just a pampered, unappreciative, self-centered bunch of self important
egos; wondering how best to get ahead. I don't think that is the case any more.
I still don't think the seriousness and gravity of this tragedy has hit us;
those of us without your WW II perspective.