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Evolution of Depression

I believe the science de jour is that it’s a chemical imbalance in the brain. Not enough serotonin. Did everyone forget Darwin? The weak will die off. In society today we coddle the weak. That is an abomination towards nature. Let the weak suffer, and the strong take over. That’s life. Deal with it.
So you discount the evolutionary advantage of intelligence leading to discoveries that prolong life and prefer to see selection pressures acting only on physical attributes?

I'll go with the better brain.
 
...

(There is an absolutely massive placebo effect with psychiatric medications, particularly with antidepressants, constituting up to 50% or more of the observed improvement. Drugs simply aren't that impressive once the placebo effect is removed.)
Get a life Melen. This statement is unsupportable.
 
Here's how you get an anti-depressant to have no positive effect whatsover.

Use a placebo to remove the placebo effect.
Use some other drug (usually an anti-histamine) to remove the amplified placebo effect.
Give little or no weight to the remaining effects. You do this by asking more abstract questions like "how hopeful do you feel?" and giving more weight to that.

It works, at least in a large number of the studies.
 
Okay, looking at your articles, I'm having a hard time coming to the same conclusion.

The first article from the BAP actually says "Antidepressants are effective in the acute treatment of major depression of moderate and greater severity including major depression associated with physical evidence."

That there IS effectiveness.

It does say that "Antidepressants do not appear more effective than placebo in acute milder depression or very mild major depression." Italics mine.

It does not say that they are not effective.


Looking at the second link, the article says the following:

"The reviews (of antidepressant literature) indicate overall that one-third do not improve with antidepressant treatment, one-third improve with placebos, and an additional third show a response to medication they would not have attained with placebos."

Wouldn't this be consistent with what the BAP states? It helps with severe or chronic depression but not acute milder depression or mild depression?

Granted, we have problems in our pharmaceutical situation, but the above articles don't tell me that the stuff doesn't work for those with chronic or severe depression.

The conclusions I see from these articles are this:

Should a doctor give someone meds because they're going through a break up? No. If they continuously can't calm themselves down from a crying jag because they're out of peanut butter? Yes.


When I say that SSRIs are not all that effective, I mean above and beyond the placebo effect. What we're left with is that roughly one-third of all patients have a measurable positive reaction to anti-depressants and that these seem to be the persons who are most ill.

To put it another way, if your depression is a "four" on a 1-10 scale, SSRIs won't do much--maybe raise you to a 3. If your depression is an 8, the SSRIs might raise you to a 4 or 5. When you put it that way, it doesn't sound very impressive at all.
 
When I say that SSRIs are not all that effective, I mean above and beyond the placebo effect.

But your BAP article says that there IS an effect above and beyond the placebo effect for those with chronic or severe depression.


To put it another way, if your depression is a "four" on a 1-10 scale, SSRIs won't do much--maybe raise you to a 3. If your depression is an 8, the SSRIs might raise you to a 4 or 5. When you put it that way, it doesn't sound very impressive at all.

That's not the conclusion I saw from the evidence you gave me. Your evidence does not say that people felt more better than those on the placebos. It says that more people felt better than those on placebos. Didn't say how much.

Also, a 4 is a heck of a lot better than 8.

Use a placebo to remove the placebo effect.
Use some other drug (usually an anti-histamine) to remove the amplified placebo effect.
Give little or no weight to the remaining effects. You do this by asking more abstract questions like "how hopeful do you feel?" and giving more weight to that.

It works, at least in a large number of the studies.

I'd love to see one.
 
But your BAP article says that there IS an effect above and beyond the placebo effect for those with chronic or severe depression.

Sigh...I'm trying to make this clear. There is an effect over and above the placebo effect. The question is how large said effects are, and how desireable said effects are.




That's not the conclusion I saw from the evidence you gave me. Your evidence does not say that people felt more better than those on the placebos. It says that more people felt better than those on placebos. Didn't say how much.

Also, a 4 is a heck of a lot better than 8.

Well, the other way to read those results is that the "fours" stayed at "four" and the few who went to three or two weren't enough to be statistically signifigant, but that "eights" went to seven or six in large numbers. Of course all this is a little forced--realisitically the more <whatever> a person is, the more likely it is that <whatever> will have an effect.

All anti-depressants are effective for about 70%--but it's not the same 70% for each drug. It isn't completely clear whether this forces the "people felt more better" interpretation over the "more people felt better" interpretation because of the other factors (severe vs. mild) but it would seem to indicate that.


I'd love to see one.

The links I gave above will point you to some meta-studies and reviews with the extreme position, but here's the one everybody talks about.

http://content.apa.org/journals/pre/5/1/23

The authors were psychologists and as I said, they picked studies that used a test (favored by psychologists) that favors moods and feelings over physical effects.
 
Concerning the effectiveness of various treatments for depression:

There is no blood test for depression. Depression is quantified by surveying the patient and scoring his answers on a test. The score you get depends on the questions asked and the weight given to each.

Cognitive therapists tend to ask questions about levels of irrational and destructive thoughts. Psychiatrists tend to ask questions about sleep disorders and aches and pains. Talk-therapy psychologists tend to ask questions about attitudes towards life and the future.....
Your description of how the diagnosis of depression is made is blatantly incorrect. The answers on a survey in no way substitute for the experience and training of a professional. It may not be practical to do brain biopsies to diagnose serotonin deficiencies, but that doesn't mean there haven't been actual measures of serotonin which correlate with other diagnostic criteria for depression. To you and to the others posting in this thread that believe depression is subjective, there are no physical measures, and so on, I ask what research have you read on neurotransmitters?

The belief everything has to be diagnosed with a laboratory test indicates naivety about how a health care practitioner actually makes a diagnosis. The fact you think a diagnosis which can be measured in blood levels is superior to that of a good diagnostician's observations reveals your lack of knowledge about just what is involved. I don't know what your reasons were for making such a claim but people without a medical provider education often look at diagnostic guidelines or criteria for a diagnosis and draw the incorrect conclusion that interpreting the criteria is a simple matter. In reality, it just isn't that easy.

Take something as simple as pain. If pain is listed as a feature of appendicitis can you then just go out and tell when someone with pain might have appendicitis? Even if you know to look for lower right quadrant abdominal rebound pain you still could not distinguish potential appendicitis with any degree of accuracy without additional training and experience.

The diagnostic criteria for depression are assessed generally by an extensive interview and other observations one makes when seeing a patient. You are looking for any number of things which are not merely on a "list". You would have seen other patients who had similar symptoms that you can compare their degree of depression with the symptoms your current patient has. You would have had experience with patients who were suicidal as well as patients who were grieving and not necessarily pathologically depressed. You would be looking at body language, drug and alcohol use, family dynamics, stress, and so on that contributed to the patient's current condition.

As to the different slant different specialties focus on, while I totally disagree with your examples, there is some truth to the statement, but in no way is it to the degree you claim. Nor is psychiatry that unscientific such as to make every treatment as meaningless as the next. A surgeon may very well think a surgical intervention is the first choice while a medical provider might prefer to try drugs first. One psychiatrist may prefer to try counseling first, while another has found drug treatments much more successful.

One cannot conclude that because multiple treatments are equally effective those treatments are merely placebos. And because different providers prefer different options does not mean any provider is wrong. There are many times you do have more than one choice of treatment. They may work equally well. In such a case either the provider or the patient might prefer one treatment over another or might respond to one treatment and not the other. Counseling may be effective with some patients but it is not superior to medications for depression. Some patients do respond to different drugs making any study which only looks at SSRIs incomplete. But I see no research which indicates one can talk a person out of depression who has a true neurotransmitter deficiency any more than you can talk a person out of Parkinson's symptoms caused by dopamine deficiency.

At the same time, the science of mental illness lags behind the science of other illnesses. But it isn't so far behind as to be unscientific or nothing more than placebos and guesswork. What is lagging are treatments which are as effective as needed to restore all mentally ill persons to normal levels. We can help some people function better, but that person may not reach a level where they are no longer noticeably mentally ill. OTOH, a diabetic may look OK with treatment, but we haven't reached the best outcome for them either. The diabetic still has severe damage accumulating and will often have many medical problems despite the best treatment.

The result is that all different kinds of doctors can claim that their treatments are the most effective and that all treatments can be claimed to be equally effective. Really there is no one most effective treatment for depression. Right now the SSRIs are in ascendence because they are cheap, safe, and fast, although not really all that effective.
The "therapists" you listed are not all "doctors". They range from counselors with a little training to medical doctors. In the field of psychology there are plenty of unlicensed providers and sham treatments available. It's my understanding French psychiatrists may still use techniques developed by Freud. Those providers, treatments and theories are not what modern evidence based psychiatry is all about and should not be confused with true psychiatry.

As to effectiveness of SSRIs, just how many outcome studies have you read in order to draw that conclusion?
 
When I say that SSRIs are not all that effective, I mean above and beyond the placebo effect.

Sigh...I'm trying to make this clear. There is an effect over and above the placebo effect. The question is how large said effects are, and how desireable said effects are.

Let me make myself clear. For major or chronic depression, the data the BAP article that you cited states that there was a 50-65% success rate for those on the medication and 25-30% for those on the placebo. That's twice as successful. Is that not enough? No one is saying that these drugs are a cure all for everyone. But they do help a chunk of people. One fifth to one third of those who took it is enough for me to try it.

Also, I can't read that article you most recently cited as it is only available if I pay for it.

The other articles don't give new studies, they just suggest new ways to look at the old ones.
 
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That means that half of the effect of the medication wasn't actually due to the medication.

A 25-30% success rate for a medication isn't very impressive at all.

We also need to look more closely at why there's such a massive placebo effect.
 
Internet search not sufficient? Any reason why?
Because journal articles, particularly on facts that were established a quarter-century ago, are not frequently put online in forms accessible to the public.

If you want studies, I need to go to academic journals. Twit.
 
Just want to add along the individuals helped more versus more individuals.

The BAP article is talking about 50-65% of individuals, not individuals had depression reduced 50-65%. They even go on to clarify: "meaning that three to four patients need to be treated with an antidepressant for one more patient to respond on placebo."

Looks like an effect well above and beyond placebo to me.
 
That means that half of the effect of the medication wasn't actually due to the medication.

A 25-30% success rate for a medication isn't very impressive at all.

We also need to look more closely at why there's such a massive placebo effect.

Why not. One fourth to one third were helped beyond the placebo. Why is that not notable?
 
Because journal articles, particularly on facts that were established a quarter-century ago, are not frequently put online in forms accessible to the public.

If you want studies, I need to go to academic journals. Twit.

Ever so scientific insult aside, studies done 25 years ago do not include SSRIs.
 
Ever so scientific insult aside, studies done 25 years ago do not include SSRIs.

No, they don't. More recent studies involving SSRIs show the same effect, which is why the citations I listed do not distinguish between the older and newer antidepressants.

Take a look at Prevention & Treatment, Volume 5, Article 23, July 15, 2002:
The emperor's new drugs: An analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
by Kirsch, Irving; Moore, Thomas J.; Scoboria, Alan; Nicholls, Sarah S.

Posted July 15, 2002. This article reports an analysis of the efficacy data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval of the 6 most widely prescribed antidepressants approved between 1987 and 1999. Approximately 80% of the response to medication was duplicated in placebo control groups, and the mean difference between drug and placebo was approximately 2 points on the 17-item (50-point) and 21-item (62-point) Hamilton Depression Scale. Improvement at the highest doses of medication was not different from improvement at the lowest doses. The proportion of the drug response duplicated by placebo was significantly greater with observed cases (OC) data than with last observation carried forward (LOCF) data. If drug and placebo effects are additive, the pharmacological effects of antidepressants are clinically negligible. If they are not additive, alternative experimental designs are needed for the evaluation of antidepressants.
 
Although antidepressant medication is widely regarded as effective, a recent meta-analysis of published clinical trials indicates that 75 percent of the response to antidepressants is duplicated by placebo.

So was that all drugs? MAOIs, lithium, SSRIs? Lumped all together? Was that mildly depressed? Acute depression? Chronic depression? Lumped all together?
 
More recent studies involving SSRIs show the same effect, which is why the citations I listed do not distinguish between the older and newer antidepressants.

Please produce one.
 
Take a look at Prevention & Treatment, Volume 5, Article 23, July 15, 2002:

Ah, the exact same article I looked at, but couldn't read. Could you read it? Did you pay for it? I would love to read it to see if one medication prescibed in '99 worked better than another from '85.
 
Okay, this is pointless. I don't think I'm going to post on this thread any longer.

Your description of how the diagnosis of depression is made is blatantly incorrect.

I said absolutely nothing about the diagnosis of depression. I mentioned the quantified scaling of depression for the purpose of evaluating treament.

The answers on a survey in no way substitute for the experience and training of a professional.

Answers on a survey are what is used to quantify improvement. What has that got to do with the need for experience and training?

It may not be practical to do brain biopsies to diagnose serotonin deficiencies, but that doesn't mean there haven't been actual measures of serotonin which correlate with other diagnostic criteria for depression.

As I recall, I was the one who first mentioned this. In any case, there is not a 100% correlation between depression and serotonin levels, so even if we had that test it would not be used to evaluate treatment.

To you and to the others posting in this thread that believe depression is subjective, there are no physical measures, and so on,

I didn't say that.

I ask what research have you read on neurotransmitters?

The belief everything has to be diagnosed with a laboratory test indicates naivety about how a health care practitioner actually makes a diagnosis.

I didn't say that.

The fact you think a diagnosis which can be measured in blood levels is superior to that of a good diagnostician's observations reveals your lack of knowledge about just what is involved.

Of course it's superior if you are trying to quantitatively compare different treatments. I said nothing about diagnosis.

I don't know what your reasons were for making such a claim

I don't what your reasons are for making the claims you're making.

but people without a medical provider education often look at diagnostic guidelines or criteria for a diagnosis and draw the incorrect conclusion that interpreting the criteria is a simple matter. In reality, it just isn't that easy.

I never said anything of the kind.

Take something as simple as pain. If pain is listed as a feature of appendicitis can you then just go out and tell when someone with pain might have appendicitis? Even if you know to look for lower right quadrant abdominal rebound pain you still could not distinguish potential appendicitis with any degree of accuracy without additional training and experience.

I don't see any relevance to the issue at hand.

The diagnostic criteria for depression are assessed generally by an extensive interview and other observations one makes when seeing a patient. You are looking for any number of things which are not merely on a "list". You would have seen other patients who had similar symptoms that you can compare their degree of depression with the symptoms your current patient has. You would have had experience with patients who were suicidal as well as patients who were grieving and not necessarily pathologically depressed. You would be looking at body language, drug and alcohol use, family dynamics, stress, and so on that contributed to the patient's current condition.

None of which is useful in comparing treatment efficacies unless you quantify it.

As to the different slant different specialties focus on, while I totally disagree with your examples,

What examples?

there is some truth to the statement, but in no way is it to the degree you claim. Nor is psychiatry that unscientific such as to make every treatment as meaningless as the next. A surgeon may very well think a surgical intervention is the first choice while a medical provider might prefer to try drugs first. One psychiatrist may prefer to try counseling first, while another has found drug treatments much more successful.

I'm really not sure what you're getting at. This seems fairly obvious.

One cannot conclude that because multiple treatments are equally effective those treatments are merely placebos.

Since I never said any such thing, I'm running out of ways to answer you.


And because different providers prefer different options does not mean any provider is wrong. There are many times you do have more than one choice of treatment. They may work equally well. In such a case either the provider or the patient might prefer one treatment over another or might respond to one treatment and not the other. Counseling may be effective with some patients but it is not superior to medications for depression. Some patients do respond to different drugs making any study which only looks at SSRIs incomplete.

More common sense without any real relevance.

But I see no research which indicates one can talk a person out of depression who has a true neurotransmitter deficiency any more than you can talk a person out of Parkinson's symptoms caused by dopamine deficiency.

At last, a claim I could comment on. But unfortunately, I'm tired of googling up studies for you.

At the same time, the science of mental illness lags behind the science of other illnesses. But it isn't so far behind as to be unscientific or nothing more than placebos and guesswork. What is lagging are treatments which are as effective as needed to restore all mentally ill persons to normal levels. We can help some people function better, but that person may not reach a level where they are no longer noticeably mentally ill. OTOH, a diabetic may look OK with treatment, but we haven't reached the best outcome for them either. The diabetic still has severe damage accumulating and will often have many medical problems despite the best treatment.

All fairly straightforward and obvious, so I really don't see why you're bothering repeating it.

The "therapists" you listed are not all "doctors". They range from counselors with a little training to medical doctors.

I could have missed some, but I made an effort to only quote competent and respected doctors, either MDs or Psychologists.

In the field of psychology there are plenty of unlicensed providers and sham treatments available.

This is not true, at least not in the U.S. Psychologists are licensed. Unlicensed providers exist of course, but they cannot call themselves Psychologist.

It's my understanding French psychiatrists may still use techniques developed by Freud. Those providers, treatments and theories are not what modern evidence based psychiatry is all about and should not be confused with true psychiatry.

This may be true, but I don't see how it relates to any of this.

As to effectiveness of SSRIs, just how many outcome studies have you read in order to draw that conclusion?

SSRIs are moderately effective. I never said they weren't.


Well, I count roughly ten incidences of you accusing me of saying things I never said, and five comments that are broadly true, but have no relevance to anything I said. There is obviously no point in my saying anything to you. Good luck on whatever it you are trying to do.
 
Let me make myself clear. For major or chronic depression, the data the BAP article that you cited states that there was a 50-65% success rate for those on the medication and 25-30% for those on the placebo. That's twice as successful. Is that not enough? No one is saying that these drugs are a cure all for everyone. But they do help a chunk of people. One fifth to one third of those who took it is enough for me to try it.

Also, I can't read that article you most recently cited as it is only available if I pay for it.

The other articles don't give new studies, they just suggest new ways to look at the old ones.

I decided to put my "last post" in two parts, but I'm still planning to abandon this thread.

Of course it's not enough. One-fifth to one third is not enough. It's something, but it's not enough.

I can't read the study without paying for it either. I was asked for a study, I gave a link to the survey most often cited as showing no effect greater than placebo for SSRIs. I tried my best to point out the strengths and weaknesses of this study, but either you can't hear me or I can't make you understand what I'm saying.

I'm leaving. I'm here to learn and to share, not to be insult and be insulted by people who aren't even paying attention what I'm saying. Good luck, and I hope you find what you are looking for.
 

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