Alek, any comments regarding this analysis of the collapse events?
http://www.pubs.asce.org/ceonline/ceonline02/0502feat.html
Ok, I've read that article, it was informative. Here is my review:
In the aftermath of the events, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE)—in association with several other federal agencies and professional organizations-dispatched a team of civil, structural, and fire protection engineers to study the performance of the buildings at the site.
SEI/ASCE, I would point out, isn't qualified to do an official forensic criminal investigation. Are we to assume that civil engineers have all of the expertise of say, the FBI? Neither is FEMA an investigative body.
In particular, the team studied the immediate effects of the aircraft impact on each tower, the spread of fire following the crashes, the reduction in structural strength caused by the fire, and the mechanism that led to the collapse of each tower.
It sounds like they're putting the cart before the horse here. Have they already assumed a significant reduction in structural strength due to fire occured?
What follows is essentially a distillation of portions of the draft that focus on the twin towers.
I'd like them to focus on WTC 7, a building which wasn't hit by an airplane, and yet collapsed in a symmetrical freefall. Surely if this building collapsed due to fire, it would merit the attention of the engineering community, as it was an unprecedented occurence.
It will subsequently be believed that this fuel burned off within a few minutes of impact;
Indeed.
The passage of this debris through the building causes some degree of damage across the floor plate—damage to perhaps the interior framing, core columns, and framing at the east, south, and west walls; the full extent of the damage inflicted by this passage will never be known, however.
Perhaps the jetliner, after smashing through the facade of steel columns and the 5" thick concrete floor and ceiling slabs had enough inertia to damage the 47 massive steel columns at the core. Perhaps.
The impacts from the aircraft have substantially degraded the towers' ability to withstand additional loading and have increased the susceptibility of the structures to fire-induced failure.
In this paragraph the engineers went from speculating as to the extent of the damage to stating conclusively that the aircraft "substantially degraded the towers ability to withstand additional loading". This BPAT team strikes me less as investigators, and more as a group trying to assess how they can secure future buildings from jets and kerosene fires. They've taken the offical story for granted, and this is not an objective forensic investigation of what brought the towers down.
It is clear to me that the jets severely damaged the facade of the building through the impacted floors, and I agree with their analysis. However, I remain unconvinced that the steel columns in the core were severely damaged, and they have offered no scientific evidence that they were. It's also apparent to me that the core columns bore the overwhelming load of the towers, not the facade.
Additionally, some of the columns are now experiencing elevated stress due to the transfer of load from destroyed and damaged elements, and portions of the floor framing directly beneath the partially collapsed areas are carrying a substantial degree of additional weight from the resulting debris—in some cases, carrying greater weight than they were designed to resist.
This is an interesting assertion, and I would like to see scientific analysis backing this up. The concrete floor and ceiling slabs for each floor weighed approximately 1,400,000 kg. The takeoff weight of a Boeing 767 is 312,000, or approximately 141,521 kg. It seems to me that the mass of this plane is well within the load redundancy engineered into most modern steel structures (typically 5:1 as I have read), even given the collapse of over thirty columns on each facade. Certainly I'm no expert, but I would expect the experts to comment on these terms, instead they offer only conjecture.
The fires spread, and there are significant temperature variations throughout those areas where the fires are located, depending on the type and arrangement of combustible material being consumed and the availability of air supporting combustion. The advancing fires elevate the temperature within the tower. Future estimates will place it between 1,700º and 2,000ºF—further stressing the structure.
Where is the scientific evidence to back this up? Are we supposed to just take their word for these temperatures? This contradicts a scientific analysis of the jet fuel fires made on the web indicating that the jet fuel could not have raised the temperature beyond 280C (536F). Burning office materials are an example of a cellulosic fire, which burns cooler than hydrocarbon fires. So whence this inferno? Additionally, the steel columns would have acted as a giant heat sink. The thermal conductivity of steel is such that even if we are to assume such outrageous air temperatures of 2000F, it would not necessarily cause the steel to weaken enough such that it would no longer bear the load of the structure above.
Kevin Ryan of UL emailed Frank Gayle about the infeasibility of the temperatures as estimated. He got no response and was fired from his job. UL provided no rebuttal of his claims, simply stating that he misrepresented his credentials with them. Ryan also stated that UL certified the steel in the WTC, a claim which was denied by a UL spokesman. Who is telling the truth here?
At the 80th floor of WTC 2—in the northeast corner, where office furnishings had been deposited by the rapid path of the plane—the fire burns at such a high temperature that a stream of molten metal begins to pour over the side of the tower.
This is documented on video, and it is quite interesting, especially given the web analysis I sourced earlier. I know that the jet fuel or office materials could not burn hot enough to weaken the steel past the point of failure, so obviously I don't accept the notion that kerosene would *melt* it. So we're looking at something that either isn't steel, or something besides kerosene was in that building to generate the necessary temperatures to create molten steel.
It will later be estimated that, prior to the impact from the aircraft, core columns were loaded to approximately 60 percent of their theoretical ultimate capacities.
I'd like to see the science behind this conjecture.
This would have been particularly significant in the upper portion of the damaged building. In this region, the original design load for the core columns was less than at lower floors, and the column sections were relatively light. The increased stresses caused by the impact of the aircraft could easily have brought several of these columns close to their ultimate capacity, and thus relatively little additional effect from the fires would have been required to initiate the collapse.
This is an interesting point, and deserves further investigation. However, it still ends with the necessary fire damage, which I reject until I see proof of why those fires were so hot.
The structural damage sustained by each of the two buildings as aircraft impacted them was massive. The fact that the structures were able to sustain this level of damage and remain standing for an extended period of time is remarkable and is the reason that most building occupants were able to evacuate safely. Events of this type, resulting in such massive damage, are generally not considered in building design, and the fact that these structures were able to successfully withstand such damage is noteworthy.
Can I have scientific evidence of the massive damage, as opposed to conjecture?
Collapse of the twin towers astonished most observers, including many knowledgeable structural engineers. These were structures notable for their robust, redundant framing systems. Many believed that their structural anatomy would have enabled them to withstand the attacks. The twin towers of the World Trade Center were the primary components of the seven-building World Trade Center complex, and although they were similar, they were not identical.
I would say everyone was astonished.
Following the impact of the aircraft the structure was able to successfully redistribute the building weight to the remaining elements and to maintain a stable condition. However, the structure's strength was severely degraded. Although the structure could have remained standing in this weakened condition for an indefinite period, it had limited ability to resist additional loading and could have collapsed as a result of any severe loading event, such as that produced by high winds or earthquakes. In this case, the first extreme event encountered was that of the fires that followed the impact of the plane.
In other words, look to the fires, for which I've already offered evidence that they should have been no higher than 280C (536F). They offer no scientific analysis of their vastly higher estimates. This is a big problem.
Building codes do regard fire as a credible hazard and include extensive requirements to control the spread of fire throughout buildings, to facilitate the safe egress of building occupants in a fire event, and to delay the onset of fire-induced structural collapse. For fire-protected steel-frame buildings such as WTC 1 and WTC 2, these code requirements had been deemed effective. Prior to September 11, there was no record of fire-induced collapse of such structures, despite some very large uncontrolled fires. However, these other buildings did not suffer extensive structural damage.
Here we have a startling admission: "Prior to September 11, there was no record of fire-induced collapse of such structures, despite some very large uncontrolled fires." This is fine in the context of the analysis of WTC 1 and WTC 2, since we all know Boeing 767s impacted these buildings. But what of the unmentioned WTC building 7 that wasn't struck by an airplane?
The scope of this study was not without limits, and many issues should be explored before final conclusions are reached. Additional study of the performance of WTC 1 and WTC 2 during the events of September 11, 2001, is warranted, together with an investigation of related building performance issues. In any such studies attention should be given to the following points:
You're damn right it's warranted. Not likely though.
This report strikes me as something written to appease laymen. It doesn't offer any hard scientific evidence, but a lot of speculation, estimation, and conjecture. For a group of experts, I must say I'm disappointed. Perhaps there is a more technical analysis, or some FEA models they have done somewhere?
The paper is obviously not a criminal investigation either, as neither the ASCE or FEMA are investigative bodies. In short, the paper is insubstantial and only serves to parrot the official theory of why the buildings collapsed. It makes no mention of the imposing 47 story skyscraper which was WTC 7, which I find convenient. Since video of the collapse of this building isn't shown on mainstream media, I doubt much of the public besides New Yorkers know this building even existed.
Most importantly, it provided no proof of these intense fires which, in order to weaken steel to 50%, would have had to reach at least 600C. Note that isn't the necessary *air* temperature, but the actual temperature of the steel itself! The fire would have to be so hot, and so concentrated, such as those found in a blast furnace to overcome the thermal conductivity of the mass of 47 core steel columns, acting as a giant heat sink. Until I see this proof I will remain unconvinced.