angrysoba
Philosophile
Sure, but that would have meant the university had no role in it, which they did. Obviously a university would be entitled to fire an academic who committed fraud and brought the university's name into disrepute, but ultimately both Liverpool John Moores and Cambridge did that to themselves.I mean, even legally, if Vixen wants to stick to only that definition of fraud, I'll quote the Association Of Certified Fraud Examiners at: https://www.acfe.com/fraud-resources/fraud-101-what-is-fraud
I would argue that it was definitely to the university's detriment, hence criminal. But even without it being criminal, "any activity that relies on deception in order to achieve a gain" amply covers it, since getting straight to being a professor and media darling is a gain.
Nevertheless, it is academic fraud regardless of what they do. Unfortunately, we know that a lot of universities have bad track records acting on fraud.