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Merged Artificial Intelligence

OpenAI’s Gold-Medal AI At The 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad

OpenAI has announced a breakthrough: an experimental AI system achieved a gold medal-level score on the 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), one of the world’s most challenging math competitions simonwillison.net. In July 2025, this large language model (LLM) solved 5 out of 6 difficult Olympiad problems under contest conditions, scoring 35 out of 42 points – exactly the cutoff for a gold medal simonwillison.net indianexpress.com. The AI tackled the IMO exam with the same rules as human contestants (two 4.5-hour sessions, no internet or tools, only pen-and-paper style reasoning) and wrote out full natural-language proofs for each problem simonwillison.net the-decoder.com. Expert graders – three former IMO medalists – evaluated its solutions and unanimously agreed on scores, confirming the AI’s performance at human gold-medalist level simonwillison.net analyticsindiamag.com. This achievement marks a significant milestone in AI’s reasoning abilities and has generated buzz in the AI, mathematics, and education communities.

A little while later, I found an article by a real mathematician that filled in a bit of the details.


AI Took on the Math Olympiad—But Mathematicians Aren’t Impressed

The latest models just got a good grade on a single test—as did many of the students—and a head-to-head comparison isn’t entirely fair. The models often employ a “best-of-n” strategy, generating multiple solutions and then grading themselves to select the strongest. This is akin to having several students work independently, then get together to pick the best solution and submit only that one. If the human contestants were allowed this option, their scores would likely improve too.

Then I found a YouTube video that filled in the major details. The AI doesn't do the heavy lifting as more than fifty percent of the job gets done by regular computer programs.

 
This is much more interesting:

Claim: gpt-5-pro can prove new interesting mathematics. Proof: I took a convex optimization paper with a clean open problem in it and asked gpt-5-pro to work on it. It proved a better bound than what is in the paper, and I checked the proof it's correct.Details below.
Yeah, but, but, but it's just a parrot!
 
A little while later, I found an article by a real mathematician that filled in a bit of the details.




Then I found a YouTube video that filled in the major details. The AI doesn't do the heavy lifting as more than fifty percent of the job gets done by regular computer programs.
...snip...
What's the issue with that?
 
Has someone proven that it isn't just a parrot?
It's in the post I quoted: Claim: gpt-5-pro can prove new interesting mathematics. Proof: I took a convex optimization paper with a clean open problem in it and asked gpt-5-pro to work on it. It proved a better bound than what is in the paper, and I checked the proof it's correct. Details below.
It can't be parroting that because that is something that 1) couldn't have been in its training data 2) couldn't have searched the web and found it elsewhere.

I think this article offers a very balanced and well-reasoned viewpoint:

 
It's also that Chat GPT is not designed as specialized math AI. It's an LLM. It knows math not because it was designed to know math, but because it has learned math. So far math used in AI typically mean special AI designed to some specific math approach, and could not do anything else.
 
Is it just me or are people thinking that the first AGIs will be geniuses in all fields etc?

I would expect the first to be rather like an average person, so for instance there is no way I could ever achieve "a gold medal-level score on the 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad", work out the structure of proteins, find a "better bound than what is in the paper". Same with other areas - there is no way I can be as good an artist as the latest AI art generators. I worry if researchers will get lost and think an AIG is a failure because it can't outthink, out-reason human geniuses in every field.
 
I think it's more of a reaction to the hype. As usual a certain element wets it collective panties with excitement, sales people say it's a very stable genius and so on. To me it's still just a very interesting and potentially promising technology that should be watched.
 
I'm going to post something I posted in the "Cont: Trivia Quiz part 16" thread. There was a question asked: "In the 1700s, blood transfusion was used to treat psychosis. Oddly, sometimes it worked. Why", the answer given was:

"It is syphilis.
A particularly common form of psychosis occurred in the final stage of infection with syphilis. Syphilis is an uncommon bacteria in that it is extremely sensitive to temperature - so sensitive that a high fever greatly reduced or even eliminated infection. In fact, once quinine became available to treat malaria, which caused repeated high fevers, intentional infection with malaria was used to cure syphilis, which would then be treated with quinine. But in the 1700s, Europeans didn't have access to quinine yet."
This struck me as being wrong as I had thought that blood transfusions were banned during the 1700s. So I went and did some "research" - and this will get back to AI again I promise:

My research:
______________________

https://www.redcrossblood.org/donat...d-transfusions/history-blood-transfusion.html

That shows a big gap from the discovery and first attempts - the whole of the 18th century is missed out so that would indicate my memory of it being illegal could be right.


Finally, in 1670 the procedure was banned. In time, the English Parliament and even the pope followed suit. Blood transfusions fell into obscurity for the next 150 years.
Looks like my memory wasn't playing tricks on me.

ETA: How embarrassing I used the Watchtower as a source!! Let me look for some other confirmation, one suspects the JW may have a tad of an agenda...

ETA1: This gets more and more interesting - the Papal banning doesn't seem to have a primary source but it's been repeated many times:


What then is the basis for this story? The website of NHSBT, with which this paper begins, does not cite any sources, neither does Wikipedia. The online encyclopaedia’s page on blood transfusion includes the purported papal condemnation: ‘Finally, in 1668, the Royal Society and the French government both banned the procedure. The Vatican condemned these experiments in 1670. Blood transfusions fell into obscurity for the next 150 years’. However, the relevant line is tagged as ‘citation needed. Nevertheless, the story is not confined to unreferenced claims in popular websites. It occurs also in respected monographs on the history of haematology.
ETA2: Looks like the gap of the 18th century was because of all the adverse reactions - hardly surprising as it is risky enough doing a untyped matched blood transfusion between humans never mind animal to human.


ETA2a: the website that document is from is full of interesting information about blood transfusions: https://www.historyofbloodtransfusion.co.uk/articles

Now to look into the syphilis claims!

ETA3:

No mention of transfusions being used in the science museum's article about the history of treatments for syphilis https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ob...lis-part-two-treatments-cures-and-legislation

Also nothing on the USA National Library of Medicine (doesn't seem to have recently been edited), however came across this snippet: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3956094/

Observing that fever lead to symptomatic improvement of neurosyphilis, various methods of fever induction have been experimented with turpentine, tuberculine, mercury and even Salmonella typhi. In 1917, the Austrian physician Julis Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) includes malaria in the treatment of syphilis. Malaria induced fever paroxysms able to be controlled, as quinine had already been discovered. Jauregg injected patients suffering from malaria with blood presenting Plasmodium vivax. The patients exhibited fever paroxysms lasting for approximately 6 hours and core temperature returning to normal values; quinine was injected after 3-4 cycles on a 2 day period, in order to treat malaria. In 1927 Jauregg received Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his discovery [29,37].

Could be that someone mashed together a couple of ideas?

Anyway - thanks @arthwollipot - really interesting mini research project.

ETA4: I asked Copilot to do "Deep Research" on "Was transfusion of lamb blood used to treat syphilis?" - I've attached it - it is referenced etc. Fascinating read, tl;dr "No".


I'm posting what I did above as it was the same as Copilot (Using GPT-5) did when I went to research the claim made about treating syphilis, albeit it did more research and checked more websites than I did. I started to look at websites, followed links, reframed my questions, separated the syphilis claim from the blood transfusion history etc.

In what way was its research different to what I did? In what way was it not reasoning the same way I was?

The "Deep Research" it did:

Historical Use of Lamb Blood Transfusion for Syphilis Treatment


Browsed and analysed sources
Exploring new topic

Historical context of lamb blood transfusion in 19th century medicine
Searching
lamb blood transfusion 19th century Europe syphilis
Searching
animal-to-human transfusion history lamb
Searching
19th century syphilis treatments animal blood
Thinking

Several webpages offer detailed insights into the historical context of lamb blood transfusion in 19th century medicine. To gather comprehensive information, I will open the most relevant and reputable sources.
Readingwww.diva-portal.org
Readinglithub.com
Readinglink.springer.com
Exploring new topic

Medical rationale based on humoral and vitalist theories
Searching
humoral theory lamb blood transfusion
Searching
vitalism animal blood medicine 19th century
Searching
medical rationale lamb blood humoral imbalance
Thinking

There are several detailed and reputable sources discussing the use and rationale for lamb blood transfusion, which is deeply tied to historical humoral and vitalist theories. I will open the most informative webpages to gather comprehensive insights on this topic.
Readingwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk
Readingonlinelibrary.wiley.com
Exploring new topic

Oscar Hasse’s experiments with lamb blood
Searching
Oscar Hasse lamb blood transfusion syphilis
Searching
Oscar Hasse 1870s transfusion reports
Searching
Oscar Hasse clinical lamb blood
Thinking

I found several relevant articles and publications discussing Oscar Hasse's involvement in lamb blood transfusion experiments. I will open the most informative and reputable sources to gather detailed insights about his experiments and their historical impact.
Readinglibrary.oapen.org
Exploring new topic

Franz Gesellius and lamb blood transfusion cases
Searching
Franz Gesellius lamb transfusion
Searching
Gesellius syphilis treatment lamb blood
Searching
Franz Gesellius 19th century
Thinking

There are several detailed and reputable webpages discussing Franz Gesellius and lamb blood transfusion cases. To gain a thorough understanding of the origins and impact of these practices, I will open the most relevant pages that examine both historical accounts and technical studies.
Readingarchive.org
Exploring new topic

Joseph-Antoine Roussel’s role in lamb blood therapy
Searching
Joseph-Antoine Roussel lamb transfusion
Searching
Roussel syphilis lamb blood
Searching
Roussel 1870s blood experiments
Thinking

I found multiple scholarly articles discussing Joseph-Antoine Roussel's involvement in lamb blood transfusion therapy, including his device and its impact. I will open the most promising and reputable webpages to gather comprehensive information.
Readingscholar.archive.org
Readingwww.academia.edu
Exploring new topic

Documented case reports and medical records
Searching
case reports lamb blood transfusion syphilis
Searching
syphilis lamb blood transfusion hospitals
Searching
19th century medical archives lamb transfusion
Thinking

There are several articles covering documented cases and medical records related to syphilis from blood transfusion, including specific case reports and hospital studies. I will open the most relevant pages to get more detailed information.
Readingresearch.lstmed.ac.uk
Readingwww.bloodtransfusion.it
Readingsti.bmj.com
Exploring new topic

Transfusion techniques and apparatus for animal-to-human blood exchange
Searching
19th century blood transfusion techniques lamb
Searching
lamb blood collection methods 1870s
Searching
animal-to-human transfusion apparatus historical
Thinking

I found multiple promising sources detailing the history of lamb-to-human transfusions, and I will open the most relevant and reputable pages to gather more details on the techniques and apparatus used.
Exploring new topic

Medical controversies and scientific debates
Searching
controversy lamb blood transfusion evidence 19th century
Searching
physiologists clinical experience lamb transfusion
Searching
19th century medical debate animal experiments transfusion
Thinking

Several reputable articles present critical discussions and detailed historical accounts on the use of lamb blood transfusions in the 19th century. To explore the depth of this medical controversy and understand the scientific debates behind its rise and fall, I will open relevant webpages.
Exploring new topic

Socio-political influences on lamb blood transfusion trials
Searching
lamb blood transfusion military medicine 19th century
Searching
nationalism lamb blood transfusion
Searching
political aspect animal transfusion 1870s
Thinking

I found several relevant webpages discussing the historical and socio-political context of lamb blood transfusion. I will open the most informative and reputable sources to explore the influences and controversies surrounding these trials.
Readingarchive.org
Exploring new topic

Ethical perspectives on animal experimentation and species boundaries
Searching
ethics animal-to-human transfusion historic
Searching
posthuman boundary lamb blood transfusion
Searching
animal experimentation lamb transfusion ethics
Thinking

I found some highly relevant and diverse sources outlining the historical practices and ethical concerns about animal-to-human transfusions and xenotransplantation. I will now open key webpages to explore these perspectives in detail.
Readingreplacinganimalresearch.org.uk
Readingpublicdomainreview.org
Readingjournals.sagepub.com
Exploring new topic

Comparative history of early heterologous transfusions
Searching
Jean-Baptiste Denis sheep blood transfusion
Searching
Richard Lower animal transfusion history
Searching
early heterologous blood transfusions
Thinking

I found multiple informative webpages detailing Jean-Baptiste Denis's early heterologous transfusion experiments and controversies around them. I will open the most relevant articles to gather deeper insights.
Readingen.wikipedia.org
Readingwww.smithsonianmag.com
Exploring new topic

Contemporary syphilis treatments and their comparison
Searching
19th century syphilis treatments mercury guaiacum
Searching
pre-antibiotic syphilis therapy guaiacum mercury
Searching
arsphenamine history syphilis
Thinking

I found several informative results on historical syphilis treatments, particularly involving mercury and guaiacum. To deepen the exploration of contemporary treatments, I will now search for current methods and compare them with modern antibiotic approaches.
Searching
Contemporary antibiotic treatments for syphilis in 2025
Searching
Current syphilis treatment guidelines NHS United Kingdom 2025
Readingwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk
Thinking

Several webpages provide historical insights into syphilis treatments using mercury and guaiacum. To deepen the research, I will explore one of these sources for detailed content.
Readinginfectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie
Thinking

To understand the historical context and evolution of syphilis treatments, I will open highly relevant and reputable webpages about arsphenamine and its impacts. This will help in contrasting earlier therapies with contemporary approaches.
Readingen.wikipedia.org
Exploring new topic

Patient outcomes and follow-up of lamb blood therapy
Searching
outcomes lamb blood transfusion patients
Searching
survival rates syphilis lamb transfusion
Searching
medical follow-up lamb transfusion 1870s
Thinking

There are multiple promising webpages discussing historical context and patient outcomes related to lamb blood transfusion therapy. I will open the most relevant articles to gather details about its use, effectiveness, and follow-up.
Readingtecnoscienza.unibo.it
Exploring new topic

Legacy and influence on modern transfusion medicine
Searching
lamb transfusion impact transfusion medicine
Searching
history transfusion policy animal experiments
Searching
legacy lamb blood transfusion
Thinking

Several webpages provide detailed historical accounts and analyses of lamb blood transfusion practices and their brief influence on early transfusion medicine. I will open the most relevant and reputable sources to extract more information.
Readingwww.aabb.org
Thinking

I'm reviewing the references and generating a report
 
It's in the post I quoted: Claim: gpt-5-pro can prove new interesting mathematics. Proof: I took a convex optimization paper with a clean open problem in it and asked gpt-5-pro to work on it. It proved a better bound than what is in the paper, and I checked the proof it's correct. Details below.
It can't be parroting that because that is something that 1) couldn't have been in its training data 2) couldn't have searched the web and found it elsewhere.

I think this article offers a very balanced and well-reasoned viewpoint:

Why couldn't it have been in its training data?
 
Researchers will quietly push the boundaries no matter what. They talk about benchamrks, or worse, the underlying math. They don't use fancy names. That's marketing stuff.
AGI can mean lots of things, but it is still an improvement over term AI, which can basically mean anything, especially if you are in the field for some time. First the field itself is called AI. The old meaning I learned in school 30 years back was a set of problems. Note, not how to solve them. OCR and image processing were traditional AI problems, even when they did not contain neural networks or learning. Then there are computer games, where AI is code which controls NPC, even if it is just going left and right in a loop. Obviously anything neural network related and machine learning is AI, not mentioning LLMs.
So I understand new terms are needed. But I rather had lot more of them with lot more specific meaning.
 
It's new solution. It's solution to a problem the researcher described, and so far nobody was able to find a solution. It's been checked by the researcher who described the problem, and found not only to be correct, but also to be original.
That's not proof, that's a baseless assumption that there wasn't some sort of solution in the indiscriminate piles of training data.
 
Researchers will quietly push the boundaries no matter what. They talk about benchamrks, or worse, the underlying math. They don't use fancy names. That's marketing stuff.
AGI can mean lots of things, but it is still an improvement over term AI, which can basically mean anything, especially if you are in the field for some time. First the field itself is called AI. The old meaning I learned in school 30 years back was a set of problems. Note, not how to solve them. OCR and image processing were traditional AI problems, even when they did not contain neural networks or learning.
Then there are computer games, where AI is code which controls NPC
That is where Demis Hassabis started

, even if it is just going left and right in a loop. Obviously anything neural network related and machine learning is AI, not mentioning LLMs.
So I understand new terms are needed.
But I rather had lot more of them with lot more specific meaning.
Agreed!
 
And just when you thougth they started to show some sense:

Trying the new Gemini flash model:

1756299792122.png
I asked it where this photo was - it didn't get it but it made a stab at it:

"
  • Query successful
I couldn't find the exact location of this specific photo. However, based on the style of the clothing and the black-and-white format, it appears to be from the 1930s or 1940s. The celebratory atmosphere and casual attire suggest a social gathering or a group of men relaxing during an outing, perhaps on a picnic or a similar event."


It's actually a photo of British troops in Burma hearing about the Japanese surrender.

Then I thought - everyone is raving about this new "nano-Banana " image editor - which is in fact Google's new model, so I asked it to colourise the image, be prepared:

1756299981558.png

WTF!
 
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