Canada has something very similar: the
Canada Pension Plan [Wikipedia]. All employed people (not sure about self-employment) have a non-trivial amount deducted from their earnings to fund the plan, and the employer is required to contribute the same amount. The Plan is administered independently by CPPI (CPP Investments). According to Wikipedia, "The CPPI's investment strategy is guided by a set of principles that emphasize long-term benefits security, a focus on quality, and a commitment to sustainability and responsible investment practices."
Come retirement age (65 in Canada,) the contributor is entitled to a monthly income of 25% of the average earnings over the past 40 years, with the poorest seven years filtered out. It's not overly generous, and in fact the government strongly recommends workers contribute to an RRSP (Registered Retirement Savings Plan) as well. CPP payments are indexed to inflation, but they're taxable.
In addition to CPP benefits, starting at age 65 every Canadian is entitled to Old Age Security (OAS) Benefit, which as of 2025 is $C 727.64 per month up to age 75, and $C 844.00 for 75 and up. These payments are subject to an income test: if the person makes more than $142,000 a year the OAS is not paid.
Further, Canada has something called the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) for low earning Canadians, which can be as high as $C 600/month for people receiving only OAS (with no CPP or RRSP payouts) but is reduced dollar for dollar for amounts exceeding the GIS benefits. For me, when I retire next year I'll be earning sufficient income to not for eligible of GIS.
In theory one can survive on only OAS and GIS benefits, but they'd have to be extremely frugal and not renting. In many places in Canada rents exceed $1,000/month, which would leave only $300/month for everything else.