How could a submarine block sonar?
Here we finally touch on a subject I know quite well. Not sonar precisely, but the physics of acoustics.
Something would have to be inducing acoustic energy. Which is to say kinetic induction in cyclical periods. This would create compression and rarefaction waves of one or various lengths (period, wavelength, and frequency being interrelated) through a given medium.
It would either be broadband or targeted to specific frequencies the sonar equipment in question being interfered with operates at.
Something preventing an accurate reading may have occurred. As I said a while back, the calibration may have been off. The density and stiffness of a medium effects speed of propagation and improper calibration could easily produce a visualization that looks like random noise.
Density and stiffness of a medium will vary by temperature, pressure, and other variables. The medium itself moving will alter the frequency. If you've ever been a mile or so downwind of a concert on a day with a variable breeze, you may have heard a wafting version of the music that sounds like someone toying with the playback speed. Higher pitched and fast, then suddenly dropping two octaves at slow speed. That would have to be accounted for as well.
As someone else said above, thermal layers at varying depths happen. These act in similar fashion to the surface where air and water meet. The result being various amounts of reflection, rejection, and/or absorption of acoustic energy.
So here's an analogy. A typical concert system with vertical stacks flanking the stage usually needs the highs tweaked down as the air warms up (faster propagation, sounds sharper) then turned back up later (sweaty people pumping moisture into the air, medium density increases, propgation speed decreases, sound gets flatter). Have you seen the roadies running new guitars out every other song? They are tuned and ready almost like we know exactly what to expect is going on with the air in the room down to the minute.
So the conditions as they existed may not have matched the calibration settings, giving a totally senseless looking reading.
"Interference" doesn't mean "a person operating equipment meant to cause interference on purpose."