In Count One of the government’s superseding criminal information, Manafort pleaded guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States in connection with his failure to register under FARA as an agent of the government of Ukraine; that country’s Party of Regions; former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych; and the Opposition Bloc, a successor to Yanukovych’s Party of Regions. In the same count, Manafort also pleaded guilty to conspiracy in connection with FARA-related false statements and misrepresentations to the Department of Justice in violation of both FARA and the general false-statements statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1001.
Some brief history for context: FARA is a somewhat arcane law that was enacted in 1938 in response to pro-Nazi propaganda activities in the United States. Historically not a major feature of the Justice Department’s national security enforcement program, FARA has come to play an increasingly prominent role in the government’s response to foreign influence operations in the United States.
FARA requires persons in the United States who engage in specified activities as “agents” of “foreign principals” to register with the Department of Justice and to file periodic disclosure reports. Such activities include “political activities,” which is broadly defined to cover “any activity the person engaging in believes will, or that the person intends to, in any way influence any agency or official of the Government of the United States or any section of the [American] public.” The primary purpose of FARA, as the Justice Department recently told Congress, “is to ensure that the American public and our lawmakers know the source of information that is provided at the behest of a foreign principal, where that information may be intended to influence U.S. public opinion, policy, and laws.”