And this is Karl Popper in a slightly different nutshell. It's the doctrine that moved science from inductivism toward deductivism and greater strength and value. Inductivism categorized scientific theory merely according to conjunctive or disjunctive post hoc prediction inferences, irrespective of causal mechanisms. This has limited explanatory power. Instead, today, we inform the putatively predictive hypothesis according to perceived or postulated mechanism. Then we deduce what must follow given such a hypothesis. That gives rise in turn to questions that may themselves be testable. And because deduction gives us a logical calculus to relate testable questions to larger questions that may themselves not be directly testable (e.g., the age of the universe), I believe that satisfies at least the liberal positivists. In any case, it makes the question falsifiable. If something must follow from a hypothesis, and that consequent is subject to empirical test, then falsifying that consequent falsifies the hypothesis.
As a pidgin example, we can say that it must follow from an ageless universe that such a universe must have observed metastability. Hubble showed evidence that this is not the case. The universe is not metastable, hence it cannot be ageless. I don't have to exhaust the empirical evidence in favor of agelessness to see this. Cosmologically you can find all sorts of problems with that proof, but it's meant only to illustrate the pattern of hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Buddha's rebuttal to this lacks steam. He simply dismisses anything that smacks of actual empiricism as scientific realism and declares it not worth his time.