... I'd say your mention and rhetorical use of the Cairo DOHR falls into one of the classic Orientalist stereotypes - the virtues of the West have foils in the vices of the East.
I fail to see how a document that was created expressly to define the position of Islam with respect to human rights (UDHR) -- rights that are absolutely
essential to democracy -- is a "stereotype" and not a valid reference when discussing the canon with respect to its integration in Western societies and intellectual traditions. The Cairo document was intended to be taken seriously by its signatory nations (most if not all Muslim-majority countries, so representing at least the two major sects as well). Cannot for the life of me understand why they'd publish it as a self-parody and misdirect that no one should pay mind to.
Entirely anecdotally, I have a good deal of Muslim friends and acquaintances, some quite devout, hailing from everywhere from Bosnia to Pakistan. I'd say the devout Muslims I have known have been some of the most thoroughly decent people I've encountered.
I've had Muslim friends since childhood. One who worked for me is like a son to me (non-practicing in his case), and will be coming to stay at home soon. I've had neighbors and customers who, on the other hand, have told me Spain is part of the Caliphate and that "we are coming for you." Which anecdotal evidence shall I take? Obviously, more formal research was and is in order.
I don't know what you mean by "foreign to natural empathy and the Golden Rule", honestly. That's certainly not something historically reflected in Muslim society compared to others.
I refer to lopping off the heads of those not agreeing with you, for example, or the disappearance of pluralism in Muslim societies as time passes after an area or country is conquered. See the recent Yazidi genocide, and the practice of using blasphemy to divest minorities of property and life in Pakistan.
Real events, and the second is as mainstream Islam as it gets, as was the recent religiously inspired political attack on the non-Muslim mayor of Jakarta.
My turn to characterize: you are refusing to modify your stance by taking in new information, and prefer the comfort of retaining moderate views, always a self-congratulatory good feeling. In examining, say, fascism vs democracy,
the actual ideas do make a difference. As they do in, say, the violence of Catholic fascism as opposed to Protestant renegade terrorism.
My recommendation is to try actual research. As a general lament, not a common practice
at all on ISF, sadly.