Machiavelli,
I was reminded of Karl Fontenot, who confessed in two hours. When I reread Dr. Kassin's article I was struck by this passage on the process of internalization. "(1) There is a suspect who is rendered highly vulnerable to manipulation as a function of dispositional characteristics (e.g., young, naïve, mentally retarded, suggestible, or otherwise impaired) and there are more transient factors associated with the crime, custody, and interrogation (e.g., extreme stress, feelings of isolation, sleep deprivation, the influence of drugs). (2) Knowingly or unknowingly, the police confront the suspect with false but allegedly objective and incontrovertible evidence of his or her involvement—evidence in the form of a failed polygraph, an eyewitness, a fingerprint, a shoeprint, or a DNA sample. (3) Often with guidance from police, the suspect reconciles his or her lack of memory with the alleged evidence by presuming that he or she had blacked out, dissociated, repressed, or otherwise failed to recollect the event."
AND
"...Ofshe (1989) identified a number of common interrogation tactics, such as exhibiting strong and unwavering certainty about suspect’s guilt, isolating the suspect from all familiar social contacts and outside sources of information, conducting sessions that are lengthy and emotionally intense, presenting false but allegedly incontrovertible proof of the suspect’s guilt, offering the suspect a ready physical or psychological explanation for why he or she does not remember the crime, and applying implicit and explicit pressure on the suspect, in the form of promises and threats, to comply with the demand for a confession." (highlighting mine)
Amazing how Amanda was able to recreate this by manipulating Donnino into coming up with the injury story. The little vixen. The cunning little vixen.
To counter some of the police pressure, Amanda Knox needed a fair interpreter, not a "mediator" suggesting that one may be suffering from traumatic amnesia.
Baytar v Turkey 45440/04 14/10/2014
The ECHR ruled that an interpreter - and only a fair one will do - is required from the first interrogation when the subject is not fluent in the national language.
Furthermore, the ECHR judgment in Baytar shows that ECHR intends that the subject of the interrogation receive all the protection of the Convention, in line with its judgment in Salduz. There is no wording in the Baytar judgment that an interpreter is required only if the potential conviction is for the "same" charge that the subject is being interrogated on or any such guilter fantasy.
Indeed, the prosecution is entitled to change charges during trials, apparently, in Europe, if it notifies the defense and sufficient time is given for the defense to reform itself. In the US, I believe that prosecution tactic would be a mistrial and require a new indictment.
Here is a Google Translation of some key paragraphs of Baytar (original in French). {Emphasis added.}
50. In addition,
as the assistance of a lawyer, the interpreter must be guaranteed from the stage of the investigation, except to show that there are
compelling reasons to restrict this right (see, to that sense Diallo v. Sweden (dec.), no 13205/07, § 25, 5 January 2010).
51. In the present case, the Court first observes that it is not disputed that the level of knowledge of the Turkish language of the applicant necessitated the services of an interpreter. Indeed, both the trial judge that the trial court decided that an interpreter was required. The Government never argued to the contrary, the Court considers that point as established.
52. The Court further notes that although the applicant has benefited from the assistance of an interpreter during his hearing by the magistrate to rule on his detention, this was not the case during his interrogation by the police in which she claimed to have found the document in question in the waiting room of the prison and therefore accepted that a document had indeed been found on her.
53.
The Court has already had occasion to emphasize the importance of the investigation stage for the preparation of the trial, to the extent that evidence obtained during this phase can be crucial to the further procedure (see, this sense Salduz v. Turkey [GC], no 36391/02, § 63, ECHR 2008). It should be remembered that
the person in custody has a number of rights such as the right to remain silent or to benefit from the assistance of counsel. However, the decision to use or waive these rights can be taken only if the holder has clearly the charges against him in order to measure the stakes of the process and assess the appropriateness of a possible waiver.
54. The Court considers that
without having disposed of the possibility of translating the questions and be as precise as possible of the charges, the applicant has not been in a position to fully assess the consequences of his alleged waiver of his right to remain silent and the right to benefit from the assistance of a lawyer and thus the whole wide range of interventions that are unique to the council. Therefore,
it is possible to express doubts about whether the choices that the applicant has not been able to enjoy the services of an interpreter were fully illuminated.
55. In the Court's view,
this initial failure has affected other rights that while distinct from that which the violation is alleged are closely related, and compromised the fairness of the proceedings as a whole.
56. While it is true that the applicant has benefited from the assistance of an interpreter during his hearing by the judge after his detention, the Court is of the opinion that this circumstance was not likely to rectify the event that marred the procedure during the initial stage.
57. Moreover, the Court observes that the judge appears to have sought to test the skills of the interpreter who was simply a family member of the applicant present in the hall (see, mutatis mutandis, Cuscani v. United Kingdom, No. 32771/96, § 38, 24 September 2002, and paragraph 19 above).
58. sake of completeness, the Court notes that the disputed statement was not dismissed by the trial court. Even if they have based the conviction on a plurality of elements,
the fact remains that statements obtained during police custody without the assistance of an interpreter were also the basis for the guilty verdict.
59. Ultimately, given its impact on the fairness of the proceedings taken as a whole, the absence of an interpreter during police custody at the sight of the applicant constituted a violation of Article 6 § 3 e) of the Convention taken together with Article 6 § 1.