An ECHR case of interest: denial of a lawyer during "interrogation" and false confession.
CASE OF LOPATA v. RUSSIA 72250/01 13/07/2010
The applicant was accused of murdering his underage daughter's boyfriend, D, after the applicant had observed them having sex.
The applicant was arrested by Russian police, and according to the applicant, he was severely beaten and threatened over the course of several days until he confessed. His lawyer was not allowed to visit him during this period of interrogation. The authorities failed to conduct a proper forensic medical examination of the applicant after his alleged beating, but his lawyer was allowed to see him then and reported his visible injuries, including an apparent ruptured eardrum. The authorities briefly investigated the claims of mistreatment, but dismissed them after the police allegedly involved denied any such mistreatment had occurred. The applicant retracted his confession upon meeting his lawyer.
The evidence at trial was primarily the confession, which the applicant had retracted. The defense stated that the confession had only been made because the applicant had been severely abused. Also admitted into evidence was a pretrial statement by the daughter, which she retracted, that the applicant had observed her sitting on D's lap engaged in sex and had chased her home, that the applicant was nervous the next morning and said a body had been found. Other witnesses testified that they had heard the voices of the daughter and D near the crime scene, and that they had seen the daughter and D kiss.
The applicant was convicted at the first-level trial which was confirmed on appeal. The allegations of police mistreatment to obtain the confession were considered false by the courts because the police denied them. Application to the ECtHR was filed in 2001. In 2003, the ECtHR notified the Russian government of the application. Soon afterward, a Russian Federal Police Captain (a high-ranking officer) discussed the application with the prisoner, seeking to have it modified to remove reference to the police abuse.
The ECtHR found the following:
1. They could not find BARD that the applicant had been subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment due to the lack of evidence - that is, the medical exam had been so incomplete that no conclusion could be drawn. Thus, no substantive violation of Art. 3.
2. The ECtHR found the investigation of the allegations of abuse were ineffective. For example, the prosecutor had not interviewed the suspect police officers, the applicant, or his lawyer about the abuse. There also was a failure of the court to allow the questioning of the forensic medical doctor who examined the applicant as had been requested by the defense and to investigate certain inconsistencies in statements by the police. Thus, there was a procedural violation of Art. 3.
3. The ECtHR found that the lack of the presence of a lawyer during the interrogation which included the confession, which arguably was obtained under duress and mistreatment, was a violation of Art. 6.3c.
4. The ECtHR then found that since the confession was a significant contributor to the domestic courts' finding of guilty, there was a violation of Art. 6.1, the right to a fair trial.
5. Redress, the ECtHR found, could be by a retrial conducted in accordance with the ECHR, if requested by the applicant.
6. The ECtHR also found that Russia was in violation of Art. 34, the right not to be hindered in applying to the ECtHR.
Here is the wording used by the ECtHR for items #4 and #5:
....the Court concludes that the use of the applicant's confession statement obtained in circumstances which raised doubts as to its voluntary character, and in the absence of legal assistance, together with the apparent lack of appropriate safeguards at the trial, rendered the applicant's trial unfair.
145. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in conjunction with its paragraph 3 (c).
....the Court reiterates that when an applicant has been convicted despite a potential infringement of his rights as guaranteed by Article 6 of the Convention he should, as far as possible, be put in the position in which he would have been, had the requirements of that provision not been disregarded, and that the most appropriate form of redress would, in principle, be trial de novo or the reopening of the proceedings, if requested....