William Cohan wrote a book about the Duke lacrosse case that was published earlier this year. He was interviewed a number of times. He said, "District Attorney Mike Nifong believed her, and the rape nurse Tara Levicy believed her. I am convinced something happened.
"The question is, do you believe that all of that was made up and was all a fiction and that nothing even remotely like any of that ever happened?
That it was all just made up and everyone was in on the conspiracy? Or that, as I like to say, something happened that none of us would be proud of?" (highlighting mine)
KC Johnson (coauthor of the definitive book on the case)
responded, "...one of the most chilling aspects of the lacrosse case is how few people—four, plus an erratic Mangum—it took to sustain a case that could have resulted in innocent people being sent to jail for most of their adult lives. Nifong, of course, was the vital actor here, since without his unethical core, the case would never have proceeded. But the other three people who set ethics aside did so only in specific instances, and for their own individual reasons (Gottlieb, the anti-Duke police officer, in consenting to the rigged photo array and producing the “straight-from-memory” report; Meehan, the lab director on the make, eager for new business with Durham County, in conspiring with Nifong to produce a document that intentionally limited the rest results reported; and Levicy, the SANE nurse who believed accusers never lie, in, months after the fact, changing her version of Mangum’s story, seemingly to accommodate the negative DNA tests)."
That Nifong and Meehan conspired to withhold information is not in doubt, yet each of these five people had a distinct reason for his or her actions. Crystal Mangum, the alleged victim, may have merely wanted to avoid being held in custody due to her lack of sobriety. Besides being demonstrably hostile to Duke students, Officer Gottlieb may have decided that to get along, he should go along. Other than between Nifong and Meehan, no coordination among the five was needed, although some may have gone on. Certainly these individuals did not sit down in front of an oak table in a paneled room and conspire in that sense.
Other commenters here besides CoulsdonUK (Lionking comes to mind) have played the conspiracy-theory card. Such thinking sets up a false choice. Wrongful accusations/convictions are often not the result of a single bad actor but instead have multiple causes involving several individuals. Yet rarely, if ever, is there a conscious, explicit conspiracy among many people. Sometimes, a critical mass of dubious information is assembled, then others add to the mass. The witnesses who changed their recollections in the Todd Willingham case come to mind, as do the flawed forensics of the Lindy Chamberlain case. Finally, it is worth considering why there are laws to forbid conspiracies to commit crimes. If no such conspiracies were ever hatched, why did someone bother to make them illegal?
Until Cohan's book came along, I thought that the innocence of the three young men was settled in almost everyone's mind. The lack of their DNA in the rape kit, plus the presence of other men's DNA is extremely persuasive absence of evidence. One of the three had a strong electronic alibi; another had an electronic alibi that was unimpeachable. Yet there will always be seemingly intelligent people who believe that something happened in that bathroom and that to assert otherwise is to believe in a conspiracy.