Read that book and you'll understand what I mean (it is explained there also why unided Human Reason has a much more important status in Christianity).
In spite of centuries now of exposure to Modernity the 'gates of the ijtihad' remain (almost) closed, the medieval Islamic jurisprudence (which in large parts is not considered immutable) is still with us, almost untouched. What reasons are there to expect renouncing inerrancy in the quran?
I want to revisit this, to show both the gaping flaws in your argument, and to show you yet again why you should stop referencing crap sources like this and start reading some real works on the subject.
In your quote of his book, Reilly writes:
When Muhammad Ali as-Sanusi (1787–1859) attempted to reopen the gates to ijtihad, he was rebuked in a typical fatwa by the mufti of Cairo, who said, “For no one denies the fact that the dignity of ijtihad has long disappeared and that at the present time no man has attained this degree of learning. He who believed himself to be a mujtahid [a scholar qualified to exercise ijtihad] would be under the influence of his hallucinations and of the devil.”
The implication being, of course, that as-Sanusi was one guy who attempted to challenge the orthodoxy that "the gates of
ijtihad" had been closed, and was shut down by higher religious authority, and so
ijtihad was and remains closed off as a source for Islamic jurisprudence (and, therefore, that "Reason" remains closed off to Muslims as a whole - "The door to
ijtihad was shut so decisively that even efforts to open it in the nineteenth century were rebuked", Reilly writes in the first sentence of that paragraph you quoted, but oddly left out).
The problem is that all of that is almost entirely untrue. As Reilly obliquely acknowledged in another part of the paragraph you quote above that you, oddly,
also don't include, Muhammad Ali as-Sanusi wasn't just some guy, but was known as the Grand Sanusi. And the reason he's known as the "Grand Sanusi" is because he was a famed Sufi and follower of the Maliki
madh'hab who studied and taught at both Mecca and Al-Azhar, and founded the Sanusiyyah Order in Cyrenaica (today's Libya). The Sanusiyyah became the dominant political and religious force in Libya and the Sudan, with a university in Jaghbub, Libya that rivaled Cairo's famed Al-Azhar, and remained that way until Muammar Ghaddafi overthrew the King of Libya, Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi, in 1969, shutting down the university in Jaghbub (which Gaddhafi razed completely in 1988).
As-Sanusi's views on
ijtihad were not those of a lone revolutionary voice vainly struggling to restore the long-discarded practice of
ijtihad in the face of Muslim orthodoxy refusing to allow it. He was a respected and influential scholar, who simply added his own voice to those of many other scholars over the centuries who formed a particular subet of thought regarding
ijtihad in Islamic jurisprudence. His main work on the subject,
Iqaz al-wasnan fi 'l-'amal bi'l-hadith wa'l-Qur`an, draws heavily on Ibn Taymiyyah's own work on the subject - the lengthy introduction to the
Iqaz is a lengthy quote of virtually the entire text of Ibn Taymiyyah's
Raf' al-malam 'an al-a`immat al-a'lam, in which Ibn Taymiyyah asserts that the founders of the four
madh'hab, and even the four Rightly Guided caliphs, were fallible human beings, and that absolute reliance on and adherence to their rulings (
taqlid) is problematic and that Muslims need to approach the sources of law (the Qur'an and the
ahadith) directly themselves in order to discern God's commands as revealed through the Prophet Muhammad.
As-Sanusi, however, didn't go quite as far as Ibn Taymiyyah in asserting the problematic fallibility of the imams of the four
madahib, but his statements did antagonize three Egyptian scholars. The strongest condemnation came from Muhammad Ahmad 'Illaysh (a scholar at Al-Azhar who was not the "mufti of Cairo" like Reilly asserts, but simply the mufti in Cairo of the Maliki
madh'hab). 'Illaysh's
fatwa addressed as-Sanusi's teacher, the influential Sufi scholar
Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi (whose views of
ijtihad shared and inspired as-Sanusi's own) as well as as-Sanusi himself, and focused on a number of practices of the Sanusiyyah that 'Illaysh judged to be deviations from the Maliki
madh'hab that as-Sanusi claimed to adhere to. 'Illaysh's argument specifically regarding as-Sanui's teachings about
ijtihad was that no one following the imams of the
madahib was capable of applying
ijtihad to contest the rulings of those four men, because they not only were the last ones who were knowledgeable enough to be considered
mujtahids, but that the superior knowledge which allowed the imams to be
mujtahids came not just from their intellect, but from direct revelation from God.
However, given as-Sanusi's own power and influence in the region, 'Illaysh's
fatwa didn't do much to quash as-Sanusi's teachings on
ijtihad or prevent its spread outside of the Maliki community in Egypt. And despite Reilly's implication (and 'Illaysh's assertion), such a concept was far from universal even among the orthodox Classical Islam of the four
madh'hab - each of the four schools has a different perspective on
ijtihad and
mujtahids than the Maliki one put forth by 'Illaysh. The most striking difference comes from, of all schools, the conservative Hanbali
madh'hab, which (at times stridently) disagreed with the other three schools that the most open and independent form of
ijtihad was ever restricted (the other schools have always accepted other, more restricted forms of
ijtihad). The Hanbali even argue that, far from there never having been any more
mujtahids since the imams of the four schools, that there can
never be a period in which there aren't
mujtahids, and that
ijtihad is an obligatory duty (
fard/wajib) of the
'ummah. [EDIT: And this is just among the four Sunni schools...
ijtihad has
always been a major aspect of Shia jurisprudence.]
As I said in my post above, this presents quite the pickle for Reilly's (and metacristi's) thesis that the "backwards" and ill-suited-to-modernity nature of Islam results from the abandonment of Reason as symbolized by the rejection of
ijtihad, and that the restoration of
ijtihad would represent the return of "Reason" to the "Muslim mind" and the modernization and reform of Islam. Because the driving force for
ijtihad in Sunni Islamic jurisprudence has been the most illiberal of the
madahib, and the most prominent voices speaking about the importance and necessity of
ijtihad have been the most fundamentalist Islamic ones -
Rudolph Peters even noted "[t]his is no coincidence as the concept of
idjtihād [sic] is structurally related to fundamentalism." [EDIT: This, of course, makes Reilly's paragraph following the one you quoted, where he describes the Hanbali rejection of "the application of philosophical thought" and the criticism of the "anti-Reason" Ash'arite use of Aristotelian logic to attack the "pro-Reason" Mu'tazilites even more ironic.]
This means that, contrary to Reilly's assertion that "[t]he door to
ijtihad was shut so decisively that even efforts to open it in the nineteenth century were rebuked" and implication that as-Sanusi made the one and only effort in Islam to "reopen" that door but was shut down, the "door" was plenty open both before and after as-Sanusi, and he was
hardly a lone voice on
ijtihad. The Ibn Taymiyyah, for instance, so heavily quoted by as-Sanusi on the topic of
ijtihad and so influential on the current fundamentalist Salafiyyah movement, was a Hanbali who merely expanded on his
madh'hab's view of
ijtihad. Same for the direct founder of the current fundamentalist Salafiyyah movement, al-Wahhab. Muhammad bin Ali ash-Shawkani (1759 to 1834) was a Zaydi Shia who converted to Sunnism and served as chief judge (
qadhi al-qudhah) of Yemen from 1795 until his death, and who formulated his own ideas of
ijtihad and the path of
al-salaf al-salih (the pious ancestors) that drew on his Shia influences but that were so close to the Hanbali teachings on those matters that he's highly esteemed in Saudi Arabia even today. Perhaps most (in)famously, Osama Bin Laden, who wasn't
any kind of scholar, took the concept of
ijtihad farther than even any of the above people and promoted a form of "lay
ijtihad" that (unlike even how as-Sanusi and ash-Shawkani argued) said basically anyone could decide on matters of Islamic jurisprudence without any formal schooling in the subject whatsoever. And that's just a tiny sample.
And that's why I laugh at anyone who says stuff like "the 'gates of
ijtihad' were closed in Islam centuries ago and that's why the Muslim Mind
TM rejects 'Reason' and Islam can never be reformed and is doomed to remain backwards and anti-modern".