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What do philosophers believe?

phiwum

Penultimate Amazing
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Aug 25, 2010
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I found an interesting article, What do philosophers believe, available free of charge until Dec. 29.

The authors surveyed professional philosophers (mostly in the analytic tradition) in order to determine their stances on a number of philosophical problems (again, mostly in the analytic tradition). Among some of the interesting results, at least from my perspective:
  • 71.1% accept or lean toward believing in a priori knowledge.
  • A plurality (41%) accept or lean toward believing in objective aesthetic value.
  • 64.9% accept or lean toward believing in the analytic/synthetic distinction.
  • 72.8% accept or lean toward atheism.
  • 56.4% accept or lean toward believing in moral realism.
  • 65.7% accept or lean toward believing that moral judgments are either true or false (cognitivism).
  • 50.8% accept or lean toward the correspondence theory of truth.

They discuss correlations between beliefs, with the highest correlation being that between cognitivism and moral realism (duh). The discuss correlations involving gender, national origin, where the PhD was granted, etc.

And then they did a meta-survey, asking philosophers what they thought the percentages from the first part would turn out to be. As it happens, philosophers are not particularly good at guessing which theories are popular among philosophers. For instance, the mean estimate for the percentage of those who believe in the analytic/synthetic distinction was 50%, which is 20.6% lower than the actual results.

Personally, I would have put it at lower than 50%. I thought that the distinction had been largely discredited, although I tend to use it myself. One thing I learned from this paper is that my own judgments about philosophical consensus are just off the mark. I'll try to be a little more circumspect when reporting the consensus hereafter.

Anyway, I found the paper interesting and it's free for anyone who wants to take a gander -- at least for now.
 
Anyway, I found the paper interesting and it's free for anyone who wants to take a gander -- at least for now.

It's free in perpetuity if you click the "Download PDF" button. Furthermore most public libraries have electronic databases and journal access to professional publications; all you need is a library card. I only mention this since it seems a lot of people are unaware of this.

Thanks for the find! I've added it to my already growing pile of papers to read.
 
From the paper:

analytic/Anglocentric
philosophers (or at least philosophers in strong analytic/Anglocentric departments)
believe than to what philosophers from other traditions believe

and

The correlations and principal component analysis reported in the preceding
sections suggest that philosophical views tend to come in packages. Our analysis
reveals five major choice points in logical space:

Indeed.
 
I think there's some good in all philosophies, and I'm therefore immune to criticism from any philosophers.
 
Another predictable observation: 80% of those who report specialization in Philosophy of Religion are theists (or lean towards theism).

Of course, that still means one in five philosophers of religion are atheists.

ETA: 87% of those who did not list Philosophy of Religion as a specialization reported leaning towards or accepting atheism.
 
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I found an interesting article, What do philosophers believe, available free of charge until Dec. 29.

The authors surveyed professional philosophers (mostly in the analytic tradition) in order to determine their stances on a number of philosophical problems (again, mostly in the analytic tradition). Among some of the interesting results, at least from my perspective:
  • 71.1% accept or lean toward believing in a priori knowledge.
  • A plurality (41%) accept or lean toward believing in objective aesthetic value.
  • 64.9% accept or lean toward believing in the analytic/synthetic distinction.
  • 72.8% accept or lean toward atheism.
  • 56.4% accept or lean toward believing in moral realism.
  • 65.7% accept or lean toward believing that moral judgments are either true or false (cognitivism).
  • 50.8% accept or lean toward the correspondence theory of truth.

They discuss correlations between beliefs, with the highest correlation being that between cognitivism and moral realism (duh). The discuss correlations involving gender, national origin, where the PhD was granted, etc.

And then they did a meta-survey, asking philosophers what they thought the percentages from the first part would turn out to be. As it happens, philosophers are not particularly good at guessing which theories are popular among philosophers. For instance, the mean estimate for the percentage of those who believe in the analytic/synthetic distinction was 50%, which is 20.6% lower than the actual results.

Personally, I would have put it at lower than 50%. I thought that the distinction had been largely discredited, although I tend to use it myself. One thing I learned from this paper is that my own judgments about philosophical consensus are just off the mark. I'll try to be a little more circumspect when reporting the consensus hereafter.

Anyway, I found the paper interesting and it's free for anyone who wants to take a gander -- at least for now.

I would have pegged the "correspondence theory of truth" much higher than a slim majority. What's in second place, coherence theory?

And 1 in 4 are qualiaists! I wonder what the trend is on that.
 

What? Its not what philosophers think but those cited.

And indeed? In logical space, using logic, one ought to arrive to same or similar conclusion, hence correlation.

The whole quote:

The correlations and principal component analysis reported in the preceding
sections suggest that philosophical views tend to come in packages. Our analysis
reveals five major choice points in logical space: naturalism versus anti-naturalism,
objectivism/Platonism versus subjectivism, rationalism versus empiricism, realism
versus anti-realism (of the kind associated with epistemic theories of truth),
internalism versus externalism. Of course, the packages depend on the choice of
questions, and different surveys may have yielded different packages. Still, much of
one’s position on the questions we asked appears to be determined by one’s view on
these five issues. Positions on these issues are significantly affected by respondents’
professional backgrounds, their specializations, and their orientations as philosophers.


and right below, unrelated but interesting:

The Metasurvey suggests that philosophers often have highly inaccurate
sociological beliefs. The survey itself may contribute to the project of correcting
these beliefs. Given the important roles that sociological beliefs sometimes play in
philosophy, there may well be room for more surveys of the philosophical views of
professional philosophers.

Out of touch with reality?
 
I would have pegged the "correspondence theory of truth" much higher than a slim majority. What's in second place, coherence theory?

Why does that surprise you?

My conclusion based on that number would be that only 49.2% of the people interviewed have studied and understood the implications of early to mid 20th century analytical philosophy.

As for second place, I would expect something Davidsonian (but I'm biased).
 
I would have pegged the "correspondence theory of truth" much higher than a slim majority. What's in second place, coherence theory?

And 1 in 4 are qualiaists! I wonder what the trend is on that.

The deflationary theory. I was surprised, too, so I've been reading on the deflationary theory at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

It is roughly that the word "true" is eliminable through the axiom

'P' is true iff P.

I don't quite get it yet, since we still need to know the conditions that entail P. You still have the same semantic issues, I think. But I'm still working through the article.
 
Interestingly, there is not a high correlation between Ethics specialization and any of the ethics questions, including the realism question.
 
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I would have expected moral realism to be higher. Like, 75%.

I guess I get my impressions from the selections in Ethics texts, and they tend to be more heavily anti-realism than pro-realism. But, of course, readings in texts aren't chosen to be representative.
 
Postcapitalist cultural theory, dialectic discourse and nationalism
Jane Q. Prinn
Department of Sociology, Carnegie-Mellon University
A. Catherine Drucker
Department of Literature, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
1. Dialectic discourse and the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative

In the works of Stone, a predominant concept is the distinction between closing and opening. The destruction/creation distinction intrinsic to Heaven and Earth is also evident in Platoon, although in a more mythopoetical sense.

"Consciousness is meaningless," says Bataille. In a sense, any number of narratives concerning the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative may be found. The main theme of Prinn's[1] essay on Foucaultist power relations is the common ground between society and class.

However, Debord's model of material discourse states that language may be used to oppress the Other. Lacan uses the term 'the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative' to denote the role of the artist as observer.

Thus, Sartre promotes the use of dialectic discourse to challenge the status quo. The characteristic theme of the works of Eco is not deappropriation, as Baudrillard would have it, but predeappropriation.

But if material discourse holds, we have to choose between dialectic discourse and subcapitalist libertarianism. Dialectic discourse implies that narrative is a product of the collective unconscious.
2. Eco and material discourse

The primary theme of Parry's[2] essay on dialectic discourse is the collapse, and eventually the paradigm, of semiotic society. However, the main theme of the works of Eco is not narrative, but neonarrative. Abian[3] suggests that we have to choose between constructivist narrative and material discourse.

In the works of Rushdie, a predominant concept is the concept of postcultural art. In a sense, Sontag uses the term 'capitalist neosemanticist theory' to denote the difference between culture and society. If the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative holds, we have to choose between capitalist materialism and dialectic discourse.

But Debord suggests the use of the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative to read and modify sexual identity. Finnis[4] holds that we have to choose between dialectic discourse and the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative.

In a sense, Lyotard uses the term 'dialectic discourse' to denote the role of the poet as artist. If material discourse holds, the works of Rushdie are modernistic. Therefore, Foucault uses the term 'the neocapitalist paradigm of narrative' to denote the bridge between class and society. The subject is interpolated into a material discourse that includes reality as a reality.

Thus, Humphrey[5] suggests that we have to choose between the postconstructivist paradigm of reality and dialectic discourse. Baudrillard uses the term 'dialectic deconstruction' to denote the role of the poet as observer.
3. Dialectic discourse and the subtextual paradigm of expression

The primary theme of Drucker's[6] critique of material discourse is not theory, as the subtextual paradigm of expression suggests, but neotheory. It could be said that Sartre promotes the use of dialectic discourse to deconstruct sexism. A number of narratives concerning the difference between sexual identity and sexuality exist.

If one examines material discourse, one is faced with a choice: either reject substructural objectivism or conclude that language is part of the stasis of reality, given that the premise of material discourse is valid. In a sense, the subject is contextualised into a dialectic discourse that includes consciousness as a paradox. If the subtextual paradigm of expression holds, we have to choose between neocultural situationism and the subtextual paradigm of expression.

The main theme of the works of Rushdie is not, in fact, deconstruction, but subdeconstruction. Thus, Lyotard suggests the use of dialectic discourse to read class. Sontag uses the term 'the subtextual paradigm of expression' to denote the role of the participant as poet.

Therefore, the primary theme of Humphrey's[7] analysis of material discourse is the bridge between society and sexual identity. Bataille's critique of Sontagist camp implies that expression is created by communication.

It could be said that Bataille uses the term 'dialectic discourse' to denote a self-referential whole. The paradigm, and some would say the fatal flaw, of material discourse prevalent in Midnight's Children emerges again in Satanic Verses. However, any number of theories concerning the subtextual paradigm of expression may be discovered. Finnis[8] suggests that we have to choose between dialectic discourse and neodialectic narrative.

But Debord promotes the use of dialectic discourse to attack the status quo. Marx uses the term 'semantic precultural theory' to denote the difference between truth and sexual identity.

It could be said that dialectic discourse holds that the task of the writer is deconstruction, but only if sexuality is equal to culture; if that is not the case, Lacan's model of the subtextual paradigm of expression is one of "dialectic dematerialism", and hence used in the service of class divisions. In Neuromancer, Gibson denies material discourse; in Mona Lisa Overdrive Gibson analyses the neosemioticist paradigm of reality.
4. Discourses of stasis

If one examines the subtextual paradigm of expression, one is faced with a choice: either accept material discourse or conclude that truth serves to reinforce outmoded perceptions of society. In a sense, Sontag suggests the use of the subtextual paradigm of expression to modify and read sexual identity. An abundance of materialisms concerning the dialectic, and eventually the stasis, of capitalist class exist.

The main theme of the works of Gibson is not theory per se, but subtheory. Therefore, Baudrillard uses the term 'dialectic discourse' to denote the role of the observer as writer. The premise of postdialectic conceptualist theory suggests that sexual identity has significance, given that the subtextual paradigm of expression is invalid.

In the works of Gibson, a predominant concept is the distinction between feminine and masculine. It could be said that Derrida promotes the use of material discourse to challenge the status quo. The characteristic theme of Long's[9] essay on the subtextual paradigm of expression is not narrative, but neonarrative.

However, Sontag suggests the use of dialectic discourse to deconstruct language. The ground/figure distinction intrinsic to Neuromancer is also evident in Mona Lisa Overdrive, although in a more subtextual sense.

Therefore, many theories concerning the subtextual paradigm of expression may be found. The premise of Baudrillardist simulation holds that culture may be used to marginalize the underprivileged. But several narratives concerning a self-justifying paradox exist. The subject is interpolated into a material discourse that includes reality as a reality.

In a sense, Lyotard promotes the use of cultural postdialectic theory to attack sexism. If material discourse holds, we have to choose between the subtextual paradigm of expression and material discourse.

But Lacan's critique of the material paradigm of concensus suggests that sexual identity, perhaps ironically, has objective value, but only if consciousness is distinct from language. Baudrillard uses the term 'the subtextual paradigm of expression' to denote the role of the reader as poet.
5. Gibson and material discourse

If one examines dialectic discourse, one is faced with a choice: either reject material discourse or conclude that government is capable of truth. Thus, Werther[10] states that the works of Gibson are postmodern. If the subtextual paradigm of expression holds, we have to choose between dialectic discourse and the subtextual paradigm of expression.

In a sense, in Neuromancer, Gibson reiterates material discourse; in Mona Lisa Overdrive, although, Gibson denies the subtextual paradigm of expression. Tilton[11] suggests that we have to choose between material discourse and dialectic discourse.

Therefore, the example of material discourse prevalent in Virtual Light emerges again in Mona Lisa Overdrive. Sontag suggests the use of dialectic discourse to modify and read society.
[snipped for brevity].
 
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Postcapitalist cultural theory, dialectic discourse and nationalism
Jane Q. Prinn
Department of Sociology, Carnegie-Mellon University

[Snip nonsense]

Did this silliness have a point? It sure as hell had nothing to do with analytic philosophy, which was the primary topic here.

It also involved someone in a fictitious academic department. CMU -- which is not known for post-modern nonsense -- has no sociology department. The closest department is Social and Decision Sciences.

If this was meant to be a broad mockery of philosophy, it failed. If it was meant to be a mockery of Continental philosophy, then I suppose the subject appears mockable enough, but you forgot to make a point.
 
I guess I get my impressions from the selections in Ethics texts, and they tend to be more heavily anti-realism than pro-realism. But, of course, readings in texts aren't chosen to be representative.

My general impression has been that whether or not we can arrive at a 'correct' set of morals, most maintain that if the idea of morality is to be philosophically meaningful then some things must be morally correct or not in a real, objective sense.
 
My general impression has been that whether or not we can arrive at a 'correct' set of morals, most maintain that if the idea of morality is to be philosophically meaningful then some things must be morally correct or not in a real, objective sense.

I certainly lean that way, and I explicitly teach my intro course that way, because we focus on ethical theories and there's not much good discussing them if you're not a realist. (The realism debate is not considered an ethical theory, but a meta-theory.)

There was not a strong correlation between being from Continental Europe and any of the ethics questions. Realism, in fact, correlated not at all with region.

The U.S. correlated with deontology, hence negatively with consequentialism.

It also correlated with the claim there is no analytic-synthetic distinction, but not strongly enough to explain my misimpression.
 

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