In most circumstances, foreign governments are protected from civil lawsuits under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. But in a
45-page opinion, Judge George B. Daniels of the Southern District of New York ruled that Saudi Arabia could still be sued because of an exception in the
2016 law Congress passed to enable such Sept. 11 suits against the kingdom, called the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act.
While the judge’s ruling did not directly address Saudi Arabia’s potential culpability, he did find it
“more likely than not” that there was “some connection” between the employment of Mr. al-Bayoumi by Saudi Arabia and the assistance he and another man allegedly provided to the hijackers in finding an apartment and making introductions.