1951 Project BLUEBIRD was renamed Project ARTICHOKE. The CIA director approved a liaison with the Army and Navy who were interested in finding a truth drug. Another liaison was formed with the Air Force who wanted to study interrogation techniques. Information was also exchanged with the Canadian and British governments.
Some of Project ARTICHOKE's experimental subjects included: suspected agents, suspected double agents, people who "had a known reason for deception," American college students (supposedly for more benign testing), and foreigners (since the CIA was more likely to try certain procedures out on them rather than American citizens.) "Terminal," or "to the death" experiments were usually carried out in other countries.[21]
According to Bowart, the control method used on two agents involved drugs and hypnosis (narco-hypnosis). The subjects were hypnotically regressed and made to relive past experiences. Posthypnotic suggestions were given to induce total amnesia of their interrogations. The CIA called this experiment "very successful."[22]
[20] John D. Marks, The Search For "The Manchurian Candidate" (New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991) 25.
[21] Marks, 34.
[22] Walter H. Bowart, Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Government's War Against Its Own People (New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1978) 102.
[23] John D. Marks, The Search For "The Manchurian Candidate" (New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991) 38-39.