Occupied territories in the FIRST World War

sackett

Barely Tolerated Lampooneer
Joined
Aug 13, 2003
Messages
9,558
Location
Detroit
Can anybody suggest titles of books covering German-occupied France in World War One? Also Belgium? (In English would be nice.) I've seen mention of some pretty draconian occupation policies, but I want more detail. The Germans staged such a baroque comeback performance that the period isn't well covered.

Further, I wonder what's available on French-held parts of Alsace/Lorraine during the same period? Just for comparison? I've read passing reference to unpleasantness toward Alsatians who had become good Germans since 1873, but, again, I'd like to see some nitty and gritty.
 
Can offer a suggestion or two -- not sure how helpful they might be.

By chance, I very recently read "The Greatest Day in History", by Nicholas Best. Covers the final week of World War I, from point of view of many different protagonists, on both sides, in many of the affected areas. Such areas dealt with in the book, include German-occupied or recently-liberated parts of northern France, and -- to a greater extent -- Belgium. It is made highly clear that by contemporary standards (World War II's enormities still in the womb of time), the Germans behaved often very badly in their occupation of Belgium -- generating most bitter hatred on the part of the occupied population.

And: a book which I read years ago, titled "French and Germans, Germans and French" -- don't remember who the author was, and quick attempted Google job got no result: finding the author, would need to be over to you. Book's subject-matter was IIRC, the experience in World War I, of the German occupation of those parts of the north-east of France where that situation obtained; again, seen from the perspective of both sides.

A third book comes to mind; but finding relevant data, would require a visit to the library, and the item chancing to be present there on the shelf. Will try to make that errand when circumstances permit.
 
Thank you

kindly, fleabeetle! That's already a help, in large part because I have access to a university libe.

I wonder how German behavior in Belgium would compare to Russian or Austrian behavior in the various territories they took during that war?
 
I'm no World War I expert, but have the impression that in that war, the Russians didn't get to do much occupying of enemy territory -- that boot was mostly on the other foot !

Rebecca West in "Black Lamb and Grey Falcon" (about Yugoslavia as at late 1930s) intimates that the people of Serbia suffered terribly under Austrian occupation in WWI. However, she couldn't be called impartial: it comes across clearly in the book that she loves the Serbs, and abominates the Austrians.
 
The Russians walked into some Romanian and other territory early on. The Austrians had their gripe with the Serbs, and, conversely, the Serbs are filled to the brim with nationalistic self-pity. True, West would give them a sympathetic listening.

BTW: Black Lamb and Grey Falcon is one of the great travel/political books in English. My copy is literally falling apart.
 
Might not be quite what you're looking for but...

From Harlem to the Rhine, by Aurthur Little.

Harlem's Hell Fighters: The African-American 369th infantry in World War I, by Stephen Harris.

The 369th was attached to the French 16th and 161st Divisions (at different times) and several sections go into discussions with the French about the occupation.

(From Harlem to the Rhine has a particular section about the 369th's Band and a concert in Paris where they talk with civilians.)

You might not want to buy them (FHttR is kind of pricey) but if a nearby library has them they might be worth a look.







 
BTW: Black Lamb and Grey Falcon is one of the great travel/political books in English. My copy is literally falling apart.
I recently "rediscovered" the book after many years. " 'Er do rabbit on a bit" IMO; but book is full of marvellous stuff.
 
Rebecca West in "Black Lamb and Grey Falcon" (about Yugoslavia as at late 1930s) intimates that the people of Serbia suffered terribly under Austrian occupation in WWI. However, she couldn't be called impartial: it comes across clearly in the book that she loves the Serbs, and abominates the Austrians.

While I haven't read many details, what I had come across said that that a sixth of Serbia's population died in WW1 which certainly sounds terrible.
 
Perhaps diverging from topic, marginally: it's stated in West's book that Serbia's military-manpower losses in World War I were horrendous, for sure. If I recall correctly, it's mentioned that three out of every five members of the country's armed forces, died in that war. (Was trying to look the reference up, but no luck so far.)
 
A third book comes to mind; but finding relevant data, would require a visit to the library, and the item chancing to be present there on the shelf. Will try to make that errand when circumstances permit.

Book concerned, has been found again. It's "The Secrets of Rue St. Roch" by Janet Morgan, publ. 2004. Its interest re subject of this thread, is that it concerns a World War I intelligence-gathering operation centred on an Allied agent who was a citizen and resident of Luxembourg -- a country (small, and 100 years ago rather obscure) which I perceive as rarely heard-of in a WWI context.

Book has some content of interest re Luxembourg's WWI situation and experiences. The then-reigning Grand Duchess being pro-German, she was in August 1914 a "compliant victim" as regards invasion and occupation by Germany. In consequence, Luxembourg received (very relatively) gentler treatment at German hands, than did other occupied territories. However, book indicates that notwithstanding, things there were fairly grim for the populace. (And, it is recounted, some 10% of the male population of military age, sneaked off to enlist in the Allied forces -- any who fought for Germany, are not mentioned.)

Despite the above-mentioned, I don't feel able to recommend this tome very warmly. The large majority of its 350 pages is taken up by the narration in minute detail, of the lengthy genesis and setting-up of the operation in question (which did not actually get into action until early 1918), and the convoluted and sometimes unharmonious interaction between the many different Intelligence folk involved. Material telling of how things were in occupied Luxembourg (and, a little, in wartime Germany itself) represented, for me, small nuggets of interest among a great deal of not-much-interest -- and IMO the author writes in a dull, plodding style. The book would possibly be fascinating to a "spooklore" devotee -- which I am not, and in the main I found reading it, something of an ordeal.
 
Redtail: Thanks for the titles. The 1936 volume is in storage, but the later book is on the shelf. Black history gets plenty of room in Wayne State's libraries, as you'd expect of a Detroit university.

fleabeetle: Thanks for the continuing tips. Like Sir Richard Burton, "I am no stranger to dull reading," and I'll try for the spook title. Wot the hell, Dr. Johnson got a first-rate education reading only the right-hand page of a lot of books.
 
new book THE MARNE by herwig 2009
talks about early invasion/occupation in 1914 belgium
as the germans just wanted to pass thru
but the belgium army and people fought back
resulting in many burned towns and dead civilians
german army thought shooting at them by citizens was unsporting
and shot many in reprisals and deported to germany many more people inc in some cases whole towns
the book is more about the battles and less about the civilians
but does list towns burned and numbers civilians killed or deported
 
Thanks, nota; I'll look for that 'un.

In The Guns of August, Barbara Tuchman mentions the rows of headstones to be found in Belgian cemeteries with the epitaph, "Shot by the Germans, 1914." She observes that there are longer rows with the same epitaph, dated 1940.

But: I'm curious as to whether other armies behaved much differently during WW1. I doubt that Russians in Ruthenia or Romania or Hungary were very particular about who they shot -- or raped or despoiled or whatever -- and the French in Alsace were certainly out to collect on divers old debts.

I once heard the Kaiser's Germany described as "Hitler's Germany but with better manners." I don't buy that, but I'd like to get some facts under my belt.
 
Can anybody suggest titles of books covering German-occupied France in World War One? Also Belgium? (In English would be nice.) I've seen mention of some pretty draconian occupation policies, but I want more detail. The Germans staged such a baroque comeback performance that the period isn't well covered.

Further, I wonder what's available on French-held parts of Alsace/Lorraine during the same period? Just for comparison? I've read passing reference to unpleasantness toward Alsatians who had become good Germans since 1873, but, again, I'd like to see some nitty and gritty.

  • Isabell Hull, Absolute Destruction (German military practices to 1918, incl occupation of Belgium-France)
  • Helen McPhail, The Long Silence (on France)
  • Annette Becker and Stephane Audoin-Rozeau, 14-18. Understanding the Great War
  • Jeff Lipkes, Rehearsals. The German Army in Belgium, August 1914
  • Alan Horne and John Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914. A History of Denial
These are the reasonably up to date titles, mostly from this decade. For comparison, the following is invaluable
  • Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, War Land on the Eastern Front
Lipkes and Horne/Kramer cover the reprisal shootings in Belgium and northern France in the first weeks of the war, which cost about 6,000 lives due to a delusion that troops were being fired on by non-existent 'francs-tireurs', in many cases the shots were from friendly fire. To compare, in the first five weeks of WWII, the Wehrmacht and SS carried out 16,000 executions in Poland.

Once the front stabilised, then the German military did not resort to mass executions, but instead relied on a combination of forced labour and displacements to control the population and bring it to bear as a military weapon.

Herbert Hoover was the chief of the US relief commission to Belgium and Northern France in the war and described Northern France as 'like one gigantic concentration camp'. This is quoted in Hull's excellent book, which also examines German colonial violence, especially the Herero genocide.

There will be more articles in edited collections, eg the Chickering/Foerster series on total war, but the above are the standard university level texts in English.
 
I once heard the Kaiser's Germany described as "Hitler's Germany but with better manners." I don't buy that, but I'd like to get some facts under my belt.

Well, from my understanding (from reading histories that very briefly covered occupied territories) Imerial Germany was nowhere near the Nazis but that they still deported 130,000 odd Belgians for slave labour (IIRC they repatriated them in 1915 after complaints from neutrals including the USA and in the photo I saw the returnees looked like skeletons from a concentration camp) and took several thousand French and Belgian women as sex slaves for military brothels.

So, ruthless and amoral; yes... sinking quite as low as the Nazis; no. (but that's more because the Nazis were so bad than because the Kaiser has anything to be proud of).
 
Well, from my understanding (from reading histories that very briefly covered occupied territories) Imerial Germany was nowhere near the Nazis but that they still deported 130,000 odd Belgians for slave labour (IIRC they repatriated them in 1915 after complaints from neutrals including the USA and in the photo I saw the returnees looked like skeletons from a concentration camp) and took several thousand French and Belgian women as sex slaves for military brothels.

So, ruthless and amoral; yes... sinking quite as low as the Nazis; no. (but that's more because the Nazis were so bad than because the Kaiser has anything to be proud of).

On a bit of a frivolous-and-facetious note, re a serious subject: it's mentioned in the book by Nicholas Best about the last week of the war -- referred to in my earlier post -- that landlords / landladies in parts of Belgium just liberated by the British, were sometimes bemused by Brit officers seeking to sort out accommodation -- "but don't you need a bed for the mademoiselle?" (local mistress -- seemingly pretty well "standard" for previous German-officer occupants). Problems found, explaining how "that isn't the way we usually do things".

Cuts more than one way, possibly -- the peoples of the European continent suspected for a long time, that the Brits were weird aliens who "didn't do sex", and presumably had some other way of reproducing...
 
Nick Terry, you kick ass!

Now let's see if I can find all those titles hereabouts. May have to make a trip to the U of Mich. libe in Ann Arbor.
 

Back
Top Bottom