sonofthor
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"Meditation May Bolster Brain Activity
Buddhist Meditation May Produce Lasting Changes in the Brain
By Jennifer Warner
Reviewed By Brunilda Nazario, MD
on Wednesday, November 10, 2004
WebMD Medical News
Nov. 10, 2004 -- Meditation may not only produce a calming effect, but new research suggests that the practice of Buddhist meditation may produce lasting changes in the brain.
Researchers found that monks who spent many years in Buddhist meditation training show significantly greater brain activity in areas associated with learning and happiness than those who have never practiced meditation.
The results suggest that long-term mental training, such as Buddhist meditation, may prompt both short and long-term changes in brain activity and function.
Buddhist Meditation May Change the Brain
In the study, which appears in this week's online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, researchers compared the brain activity of eight long-time Buddhist monks and 10 healthy students.
The average age of the monks was 49, and each had undergone mental training in meditation for 10,000 to 50,000 hours over the course of 15 to 40 years.
The students' average age was 21. They had no prior experience in meditation and received one week of meditative training before the start of the study.
Both groups were asked to practice compassionate meditation, which does not require concentration on specific things. Instead, the participants are instructed to generate a feeling of love and compassion without drawing attention to a particular object.
Researchers measured brain activity before, during, and after meditation using electroencephalograms.
They found striking differences between the two groups in a type of brain activity called gamma wave activity, which is involved in mental processes including attention, working memory, learning, and conscious perception.
The Buddhist monks had a higher level of this sort of gamma wave activity before they began meditation, and this difference increased dramatically during meditation. In fact, researchers say the extremely high levels of gamma wave activity are the highest ever reported.
The monks also had more activity in areas associated with positive emotions, such as happiness.
Researchers say the fact that the monks had higher levels of this type of brain activity before meditation began suggests that long-term practice of Buddhist or other forms of meditation may alter the brain.
Although age differences may also account for some of the differences found by this study, researchers say that the hours of meditation practice, rather than age, significantly predicted gamma wave activity.
Researchers say more studies are needed to look at whether differences in brain activity are caused by long-term meditation training itself or by individual differences before training.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOURCE: Lutz, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, online early edition, Nov. 8, 2004".
The skeptic dictionary defines meditation as:
Transcendental Meditation (TM)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"As a student at Maharishi University of Management you discover that when you experience transcendental consciousness, you are experiencing the ocean of consciousness or intelligence, which is at the basis of the life and evolution of the universe."
"Over 500 scientific studies conducted at more than 200 universities and research institutions in 33 countries have documented the benefits of Transcendental Meditation (TM) for mind, body, behavior, and environment." [Here is the reference, but only go there if you don't mind being trapped without a usable back button on your browser: The Transcendental Meditation (TM) Program at Maharishi University of Management]
An interesting claim, since "transcendental consciousness" is not a scientific concept, but a metaphysical one.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcendental Meditation (TM®) is a set of Hindu meditation techniques introduced to the Western world by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, dubbed the "giggling guru" because of his habit of constantly giggling during television interviews. TM allegedly brings the practitioner to a special state of consciousness often characterized as "enlightenment" or "bliss." The method involves entertaining a mantra, an allegedly special expression which is often nothing more than the name of a Hindu god. Disciples pay hundreds of dollars for their mantras. They are led to believe that theirs is special and chosen just for them. The claim of uniqueness for the mantra is just one of many questionable claims made by TM leaders.
The TM website claims it is a "program" and that it is "scientifically validated." It is actually a religious business or cult and its advocates' claim to scientific validation is extremely misleading. One must take with a grain of salt claims such as the following:
The Transcendental Meditation (TM) program of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is the single most effective technique available for gaining deep relaxation, eliminating stress, promoting health, increasing creativity and intelligence, and attaining inner happiness and fulfillment.*
These exaggerated claims are based mainly on the attempt to deceive people into thinking that any study done anywhere on the benefits of relaxation techniques validate TM.
The TM movement began in 1956 in India and is now worldwide, claiming more than 5 million followers, though the actual number of TM advocates is probably much smaller. Many know of TM because of the Beatles and other celebrities like Mia Farrow and Donovan, who hung around at the Maharishi's ashram in the late sixties. It may be that the Beatles found that money and fame weren't all they're made out to be, and like many others they turned to the East for help in finding the happiness and fulfillment they couldn't get from fame and drugs. Many think meditation offers a way to a high higher than any drug and a power higher than all others, the power of self-control. It also has the pleasant side-effect of leaving one feeling relaxed and content, as long as one's guru isn't charging too much for the lessons, financially or psychologically, and isn't constantly harassing you to recruit others into the happy, happy cult.
One of the main appeals of TM has been its claim to be a scientific means to overcoming stress. TM claims to be based on the "Science of Creative Intelligence," in which one may get a graduate degree at the Maharishi University of Management (MUM, formerly Maharishi International University) in Fairfield, Iowa. MUM offers "a Full Range of Academic Disciplines for Successful Management of All Fields of Life." It is also the source for a number of health and beauty products for sale to those who want a perfect body to go with the perfect mind.
TM recruiting literature is full of charts and graphs demonstrating "scientifically" the wonders of TM. Things like metabolic rate, oxygen consumption rate, bodily production of carbon dioxide, hormone production, brain waves, etc. are measured and charted and graphically presented to suggest that TM really takes a person to a new state of consciousness. The truth is that most TM 'scientists' do not do controlled experiments and, in fact, are on par with most parapsychologists when it comes to experimental design and controls. That is, their work is incompetent, if not fraudulent. Some of the studies are simply trivial: you can get some of the same physiological results by relaxing completely. Nevertheless, according to TM advocates, tests have shown that TM produces "neurophysiological signatures that are distinctly different from relaxation and rest. "[Judy Stein, personal correspondence] Critics disagree, however, and cite other studies suggesting that TM may be hazardous to your health. For example, a German study done in 1980 found that three-fourths of 67 long-term transcendental meditators experienced adverse health effects.* One should be cautious in drawing any strong conclusions from this small study, however. TM may attract many people who are stressed out and are seeking relief. Thus, many of those who have physical or psychological problems after meditating may have had them before they started meditating. Thus, for many in the study, meditation may not have caused their problems, but it didn't relieve them, either.
Probably the least believable claim of TMers is that they can fly--well, not really fly, more like hover. TM loudly promoted levitation in its early days. Television news programs featured clips of TMers hopping around in the lotus position, claiming to be flying. Apparently, this claim was too easily disproved and now TMers do not claim to be able to fly or hover. Some advocates, however, claim they can achieve a range of supernatural or paranormal powers through TM, including invisibility. Apparently, since television is a visual medium, this skill has gone largely unnoticed.
One of the demonstrable powers claimed by TM is the "Maharishi effect." This is another so-called scientifically demonstrated fact: "collective meditation causes changes in a fundamental, unified physical field, and...those changes radiate into society and affect all aspects of society for the better" (Barry Markovsky). One TM study by a MUM physics professor, Dr. Robert Rabinoff, claimed that the Maharishi effect was responsible for reducing crime and accidents while simultaneously increasing crop production in the vicinity of Maharishi University in Fairfield, Iowa. James Randi checked with the Fairfield Police Dept, the Iowa Dept of Agriculture, and the Dept of Motor Vehicles and found that the Rabinoff’s data was invented (Randi 1982, 99-108).
Apparently, MUM’s accounting practices were on par with their scientific research. Attorney Anthony D. DeNaro was hired by MUM in 1975 as Director of Grants Administration and legal counsel. In an affidavit signed in 1986 and presented to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DeNaro stated
it was obvious to me that [the] organization was so deeply immersed in a systematic, wilful pattern of fraud including tax fraud, lobbying problems and other deceptions, that it was ethically impossible for me to become involved further as legal counsel.
I discussed this with Steve Druker [the University’s Executive Vice President], but agreed to remain as Director of Grants provided certain conditions and restrictions were met. In practice, however, because I recognized a very serious and deliberate pattern of fraud, designed, in part, to misrepresent the TM movement as a science (not as a cult), and fraudulently claim and obtain tax-exempt status with the IRS, I was a lame duck Director of Grants Administration.*
According to DeNaro, “there is no difference at all between other meditation techniques, and TM except the much-publicized propaganda and advertising claims.†He also claims in his affidavit that MUM was characterized by a
disturbing denial or avoidance syndrome....even outright lies and deception are used to cover-up or sanitize the dangerous reality on campus of very serious nervous breakdowns, episodes of dangerous and bizarre behavior, suicidal and homicidal ideation, threats and attempts, psychotic episodes, crime, depression and manic behavior that often accompanied roundings (intensive group meditations with brainwashing techniques).
Defenders of TM claim that DeNaro is just a disgruntled former member who has sour grapes. He is not alone.
Patrick Ryan is a graduate of MUM and practiced TM for ten years. He founded a support group for former members (TM-Ex). Ryan also claims TM is not simply a "harmless way to relax through meditation." He agrees with DeNaro that TM uses a good deal of deception
In its advertising, TM emphasizes the practical benefits of meditation - particularly the reduction of stress. TM promoters show videos of members from all walks of life testifying to its benefits. TM sales pitches are full of blood pressure charts, heart-rate graphs, and other clinical evidence of TM's effectiveness. Not mentioned is the fact that scientific tests show similar benefits can be obtained by listening to soothing music, or by performing basic relaxation exercises available in books costing a couple of dollars. After a TM student pays up to $400 and receives his own personal mantra to chant, he is told never to reveal it to another. Why? Because the same "unique" mantra has been given - on the basis of age - to thousands of people.*
What other relaxation program has a support group for ex-relaxers?
TM's political agenda
TM is, like other religious groups these days, heavily involved in politics. The Natural Law Party is TM's attempt to introduce its metaphysical teachings and practices into every aspect of American life: education, health, economics, prison reform, energy, the environment...they even have a policy on healthy foods.
There have also been attempts to introduce TM into public schools. For example, The March 1, 1995, edition of the Sacramento Bee (p. B4) reports that John Black, director of a TM program in Palo Alto, California, tried to persuade officials in San Jose to let him teach TM in the schools. Meditation in the classroom, he claims, will increase test scores, reduce teenage pregnancies, rid campuses of violence and drugs and diminish teacher burnout. This powerful message was delivered at a free forum for teachers and meditators titled "Solving the Crisis in Our Schools."
It may be true that people such as John Black really believe that TM can do all these things, but they have no proof that TM in the schools will accomplish any of these noble goals. John Black says that "the crisis in the schools is that people are stressed out." He may be right, but it is doubtful that the claim is even intelligible. Wisely, school officials have remained unpersuaded. Even a newspaper ad in which Maharishi Mahesh Yogi himself offered "A Proven Program to Eliminate Crime in San Jose" for a mere $55.8 million a year couldn't convince City Hall. Similar ads were placed in several major newspapers around the country. There were no takers.
Who said you can't trust City Hall?
See related entry on Ayurvedic medicine & Deepak Chopra.
further reading
reader comments
Holmes, David S. (1987). The influence of meditation versus rest on physiological arousal. In M. West (ed.) The Psychology of Meditation. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 81-103.
Maharishi asks wealthy Americans to send him a billion dollars
Prayer, TM and African-Americans - Funk 17
Information on TM - Freedom of Mind resource center
FactNet - TM news
John Knapp's Trancenet for the latest research on TM
Ex-members support group
TM-EX NEWSLETTER TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION EX-MEMBERS SUPPORT GROUP
TM Dissenters FAQ
Meditation Information Network
The TM Program Home Page Here you can access all the scientific charts detailing in living color the health benefits of TM.
Austin, James H. (1998). Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. MIT Press.
Blackmore, Susan (2003). Consciousness: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Fenwick, P. (1987). Meditation and the EEG. In M. West (ed.) The Psychology of Meditation. Clarendon Press.
Gardner, Martin. "Doug Henning and the Giggling Guru," Skeptical Inquirer, May/Jun 1995.
Randi, James. Flim-Flam! (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1982), chapter 5, "The Giggling Guru: A Matter of Levity".
West, M. (1987). (ed.) The Psychology of Meditation. Clarendon Press.
Well, what do you think?
Buddhist Meditation May Produce Lasting Changes in the Brain
By Jennifer Warner
Reviewed By Brunilda Nazario, MD
on Wednesday, November 10, 2004
WebMD Medical News
Nov. 10, 2004 -- Meditation may not only produce a calming effect, but new research suggests that the practice of Buddhist meditation may produce lasting changes in the brain.
Researchers found that monks who spent many years in Buddhist meditation training show significantly greater brain activity in areas associated with learning and happiness than those who have never practiced meditation.
The results suggest that long-term mental training, such as Buddhist meditation, may prompt both short and long-term changes in brain activity and function.
Buddhist Meditation May Change the Brain
In the study, which appears in this week's online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, researchers compared the brain activity of eight long-time Buddhist monks and 10 healthy students.
The average age of the monks was 49, and each had undergone mental training in meditation for 10,000 to 50,000 hours over the course of 15 to 40 years.
The students' average age was 21. They had no prior experience in meditation and received one week of meditative training before the start of the study.
Both groups were asked to practice compassionate meditation, which does not require concentration on specific things. Instead, the participants are instructed to generate a feeling of love and compassion without drawing attention to a particular object.
Researchers measured brain activity before, during, and after meditation using electroencephalograms.
They found striking differences between the two groups in a type of brain activity called gamma wave activity, which is involved in mental processes including attention, working memory, learning, and conscious perception.
The Buddhist monks had a higher level of this sort of gamma wave activity before they began meditation, and this difference increased dramatically during meditation. In fact, researchers say the extremely high levels of gamma wave activity are the highest ever reported.
The monks also had more activity in areas associated with positive emotions, such as happiness.
Researchers say the fact that the monks had higher levels of this type of brain activity before meditation began suggests that long-term practice of Buddhist or other forms of meditation may alter the brain.
Although age differences may also account for some of the differences found by this study, researchers say that the hours of meditation practice, rather than age, significantly predicted gamma wave activity.
Researchers say more studies are needed to look at whether differences in brain activity are caused by long-term meditation training itself or by individual differences before training.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOURCE: Lutz, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, online early edition, Nov. 8, 2004".
The skeptic dictionary defines meditation as:
Transcendental Meditation (TM)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"As a student at Maharishi University of Management you discover that when you experience transcendental consciousness, you are experiencing the ocean of consciousness or intelligence, which is at the basis of the life and evolution of the universe."
"Over 500 scientific studies conducted at more than 200 universities and research institutions in 33 countries have documented the benefits of Transcendental Meditation (TM) for mind, body, behavior, and environment." [Here is the reference, but only go there if you don't mind being trapped without a usable back button on your browser: The Transcendental Meditation (TM) Program at Maharishi University of Management]
An interesting claim, since "transcendental consciousness" is not a scientific concept, but a metaphysical one.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcendental Meditation (TM®) is a set of Hindu meditation techniques introduced to the Western world by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, dubbed the "giggling guru" because of his habit of constantly giggling during television interviews. TM allegedly brings the practitioner to a special state of consciousness often characterized as "enlightenment" or "bliss." The method involves entertaining a mantra, an allegedly special expression which is often nothing more than the name of a Hindu god. Disciples pay hundreds of dollars for their mantras. They are led to believe that theirs is special and chosen just for them. The claim of uniqueness for the mantra is just one of many questionable claims made by TM leaders.
The TM website claims it is a "program" and that it is "scientifically validated." It is actually a religious business or cult and its advocates' claim to scientific validation is extremely misleading. One must take with a grain of salt claims such as the following:
The Transcendental Meditation (TM) program of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is the single most effective technique available for gaining deep relaxation, eliminating stress, promoting health, increasing creativity and intelligence, and attaining inner happiness and fulfillment.*
These exaggerated claims are based mainly on the attempt to deceive people into thinking that any study done anywhere on the benefits of relaxation techniques validate TM.
The TM movement began in 1956 in India and is now worldwide, claiming more than 5 million followers, though the actual number of TM advocates is probably much smaller. Many know of TM because of the Beatles and other celebrities like Mia Farrow and Donovan, who hung around at the Maharishi's ashram in the late sixties. It may be that the Beatles found that money and fame weren't all they're made out to be, and like many others they turned to the East for help in finding the happiness and fulfillment they couldn't get from fame and drugs. Many think meditation offers a way to a high higher than any drug and a power higher than all others, the power of self-control. It also has the pleasant side-effect of leaving one feeling relaxed and content, as long as one's guru isn't charging too much for the lessons, financially or psychologically, and isn't constantly harassing you to recruit others into the happy, happy cult.
One of the main appeals of TM has been its claim to be a scientific means to overcoming stress. TM claims to be based on the "Science of Creative Intelligence," in which one may get a graduate degree at the Maharishi University of Management (MUM, formerly Maharishi International University) in Fairfield, Iowa. MUM offers "a Full Range of Academic Disciplines for Successful Management of All Fields of Life." It is also the source for a number of health and beauty products for sale to those who want a perfect body to go with the perfect mind.
TM recruiting literature is full of charts and graphs demonstrating "scientifically" the wonders of TM. Things like metabolic rate, oxygen consumption rate, bodily production of carbon dioxide, hormone production, brain waves, etc. are measured and charted and graphically presented to suggest that TM really takes a person to a new state of consciousness. The truth is that most TM 'scientists' do not do controlled experiments and, in fact, are on par with most parapsychologists when it comes to experimental design and controls. That is, their work is incompetent, if not fraudulent. Some of the studies are simply trivial: you can get some of the same physiological results by relaxing completely. Nevertheless, according to TM advocates, tests have shown that TM produces "neurophysiological signatures that are distinctly different from relaxation and rest. "[Judy Stein, personal correspondence] Critics disagree, however, and cite other studies suggesting that TM may be hazardous to your health. For example, a German study done in 1980 found that three-fourths of 67 long-term transcendental meditators experienced adverse health effects.* One should be cautious in drawing any strong conclusions from this small study, however. TM may attract many people who are stressed out and are seeking relief. Thus, many of those who have physical or psychological problems after meditating may have had them before they started meditating. Thus, for many in the study, meditation may not have caused their problems, but it didn't relieve them, either.
Probably the least believable claim of TMers is that they can fly--well, not really fly, more like hover. TM loudly promoted levitation in its early days. Television news programs featured clips of TMers hopping around in the lotus position, claiming to be flying. Apparently, this claim was too easily disproved and now TMers do not claim to be able to fly or hover. Some advocates, however, claim they can achieve a range of supernatural or paranormal powers through TM, including invisibility. Apparently, since television is a visual medium, this skill has gone largely unnoticed.
One of the demonstrable powers claimed by TM is the "Maharishi effect." This is another so-called scientifically demonstrated fact: "collective meditation causes changes in a fundamental, unified physical field, and...those changes radiate into society and affect all aspects of society for the better" (Barry Markovsky). One TM study by a MUM physics professor, Dr. Robert Rabinoff, claimed that the Maharishi effect was responsible for reducing crime and accidents while simultaneously increasing crop production in the vicinity of Maharishi University in Fairfield, Iowa. James Randi checked with the Fairfield Police Dept, the Iowa Dept of Agriculture, and the Dept of Motor Vehicles and found that the Rabinoff’s data was invented (Randi 1982, 99-108).
Apparently, MUM’s accounting practices were on par with their scientific research. Attorney Anthony D. DeNaro was hired by MUM in 1975 as Director of Grants Administration and legal counsel. In an affidavit signed in 1986 and presented to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, DeNaro stated
it was obvious to me that [the] organization was so deeply immersed in a systematic, wilful pattern of fraud including tax fraud, lobbying problems and other deceptions, that it was ethically impossible for me to become involved further as legal counsel.
I discussed this with Steve Druker [the University’s Executive Vice President], but agreed to remain as Director of Grants provided certain conditions and restrictions were met. In practice, however, because I recognized a very serious and deliberate pattern of fraud, designed, in part, to misrepresent the TM movement as a science (not as a cult), and fraudulently claim and obtain tax-exempt status with the IRS, I was a lame duck Director of Grants Administration.*
According to DeNaro, “there is no difference at all between other meditation techniques, and TM except the much-publicized propaganda and advertising claims.†He also claims in his affidavit that MUM was characterized by a
disturbing denial or avoidance syndrome....even outright lies and deception are used to cover-up or sanitize the dangerous reality on campus of very serious nervous breakdowns, episodes of dangerous and bizarre behavior, suicidal and homicidal ideation, threats and attempts, psychotic episodes, crime, depression and manic behavior that often accompanied roundings (intensive group meditations with brainwashing techniques).
Defenders of TM claim that DeNaro is just a disgruntled former member who has sour grapes. He is not alone.
Patrick Ryan is a graduate of MUM and practiced TM for ten years. He founded a support group for former members (TM-Ex). Ryan also claims TM is not simply a "harmless way to relax through meditation." He agrees with DeNaro that TM uses a good deal of deception
In its advertising, TM emphasizes the practical benefits of meditation - particularly the reduction of stress. TM promoters show videos of members from all walks of life testifying to its benefits. TM sales pitches are full of blood pressure charts, heart-rate graphs, and other clinical evidence of TM's effectiveness. Not mentioned is the fact that scientific tests show similar benefits can be obtained by listening to soothing music, or by performing basic relaxation exercises available in books costing a couple of dollars. After a TM student pays up to $400 and receives his own personal mantra to chant, he is told never to reveal it to another. Why? Because the same "unique" mantra has been given - on the basis of age - to thousands of people.*
What other relaxation program has a support group for ex-relaxers?
TM's political agenda
TM is, like other religious groups these days, heavily involved in politics. The Natural Law Party is TM's attempt to introduce its metaphysical teachings and practices into every aspect of American life: education, health, economics, prison reform, energy, the environment...they even have a policy on healthy foods.
There have also been attempts to introduce TM into public schools. For example, The March 1, 1995, edition of the Sacramento Bee (p. B4) reports that John Black, director of a TM program in Palo Alto, California, tried to persuade officials in San Jose to let him teach TM in the schools. Meditation in the classroom, he claims, will increase test scores, reduce teenage pregnancies, rid campuses of violence and drugs and diminish teacher burnout. This powerful message was delivered at a free forum for teachers and meditators titled "Solving the Crisis in Our Schools."
It may be true that people such as John Black really believe that TM can do all these things, but they have no proof that TM in the schools will accomplish any of these noble goals. John Black says that "the crisis in the schools is that people are stressed out." He may be right, but it is doubtful that the claim is even intelligible. Wisely, school officials have remained unpersuaded. Even a newspaper ad in which Maharishi Mahesh Yogi himself offered "A Proven Program to Eliminate Crime in San Jose" for a mere $55.8 million a year couldn't convince City Hall. Similar ads were placed in several major newspapers around the country. There were no takers.
Who said you can't trust City Hall?
See related entry on Ayurvedic medicine & Deepak Chopra.
further reading
reader comments
Holmes, David S. (1987). The influence of meditation versus rest on physiological arousal. In M. West (ed.) The Psychology of Meditation. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 81-103.
Maharishi asks wealthy Americans to send him a billion dollars
Prayer, TM and African-Americans - Funk 17
Information on TM - Freedom of Mind resource center
FactNet - TM news
John Knapp's Trancenet for the latest research on TM
Ex-members support group
TM-EX NEWSLETTER TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION EX-MEMBERS SUPPORT GROUP
TM Dissenters FAQ
Meditation Information Network
The TM Program Home Page Here you can access all the scientific charts detailing in living color the health benefits of TM.
Austin, James H. (1998). Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. MIT Press.
Blackmore, Susan (2003). Consciousness: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Fenwick, P. (1987). Meditation and the EEG. In M. West (ed.) The Psychology of Meditation. Clarendon Press.
Gardner, Martin. "Doug Henning and the Giggling Guru," Skeptical Inquirer, May/Jun 1995.
Randi, James. Flim-Flam! (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1982), chapter 5, "The Giggling Guru: A Matter of Levity".
West, M. (1987). (ed.) The Psychology of Meditation. Clarendon Press.
Well, what do you think?
