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Fire, steel, and 911.

Dazed

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Aug 7, 2006
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One of the many points of contention between conspiracy theorists and the official story is the influence of the fires in the World Trade Center buildings on the steel members of the central core. Truthers often claim that the fires were not hot enough to melt the steel columns or even weaken them to the point of collapse.

From what I've read, most skeptics here don't require this to happen anyway. Rather, the somewhat lighter floor trusses are what fail from fire, essentially detaching a floor from its support columns, at which point it drops downwards onto the floors below, which also fail, because, while these trusses were not compromised by fire, the dynamic loading from the aforementioned collapsing floor essentially just snaps the trusses of the lower floor, starting a chain reaction of floors collapsing downward. In this scenario, the central core columns are largely isolated from the catastrophic event, its as if everything is just falling down around them, and this seems to be evidenced by the fact that if you look closely at many videos of the collapses, the core columns can be seen standing upright in the smoke for some time afterwards.

This is a special exception:
trade_tower_collapse.jpg


Clearly before the progressive failure of the floor trusses began, the top of this tower started to tilt over. This is almost certainly due to the softening of the central columns by the fire, progressive collapse then followed, indeed was probably triggered by, this tilting of the top.

It's my understanding that the weakening of steel by fire is really just an increase in the malleability of the steel. That is to say, it bends more easily.

So we arrive at the crux of my post, which deals with building 7. What's puzzling here is the "Straight down" nature of the collapse that conspiracy theorists are always espousing as the smoking gun evidence of controlled demolition. While I don't think it is, it doesn't seem to jive with what one would expect. Arguments about how "what you would expect means nothing unless you're a structural engineer" are in vain, as structural engineers don't govern the basic behaviour of materials under certain conditions. Even the layman is able to state with certainty that steel does not just collapse into itself.

Building 7 was not a victim of the same type of progressive collapse as the towers were, it resembled more closely a "conventional" looking demolition, in that it appears that the support was undermined at the very base of the building and the rest of it came down on top of it. If this was due to fire interacting with steel, would we not expecting to see the the entire building gradually lean to one side and just fall over? I can justify why I would expect to see this logically. Asymmetrical damage + asymmetrical heating = asymmetrical loading on support columns, which leads to stresses that will pull the steel members, and if they're weakened by fire they will easily buckle and lean over. What we actually see implies something different though. And I wonder if anyone here can describe a reasonable scenario of steel behaviour in Building 7. Did the columns fold up onto themselves like accordions? Did they break? I look forward to some clear answers.
 
Building 7 was not a victim of the same type of progressive collapse as the towers were, it resembled more closely a "conventional" looking demolition, in that it appears that the support was undermined at the very base of the building and the rest of it came down on top of it. If this was due to fire interacting with steel, would we not expecting to see the the entire building gradually lean to one side and just fall over? I can justify why I would expect to see this logically. Asymmetrical damage + asymmetrical heating = asymmetrical loading on support columns, which leads to stresses that will pull the steel members, and if they're weakened by fire they will easily buckle and lean over. What we actually see implies something different though. And I wonder if anyone here can describe a reasonable scenario of steel behaviour in Building 7. Did the columns fold up onto themselves like accordions? Did they break? I look forward to some clear answers.

NIST is your friend. Keep in mind the final report is not yet out, but the preliminary has been released for some time. Look at Page 6 in particular.

Also keep in mind that in the case of the WTC tower, the collapse happened many tens of floors above the ground. If that tilting action had happened closer to the ground, it might not have been as obvious, as indeed it wasn't from all camera angles. Furthermore, the Towers were hit hard and asymmetrically by aircraft, which gives you much more potential for a tilt than fire. Fire weakens gradually and permits more gradual load shifting; in the WTC case, load shifting happened differently because some of the columns were just plain gone.

WTC 7's initiation event did happen closer to the ground. And it also did lean, a little bit.

Most of the confusion comes from taking videos that emphasize the tilt in case of WTC 1(?), and comparing them to vidoes that obscure the tilt in WTC 7. But in any case, the structures are very different, and are expected to experience different failure modes. Precisely what happened.
 
From what I've read, most skeptics here don't require this to happen anyway. Rather, the somewhat lighter floor trusses are what fail from fire, essentially detaching a floor from its support columns, at which point it drops downwards onto the floors below, which also fail, because, while these trusses were not compromised by fire, the dynamic loading from the aforementioned collapsing floor essentially just snaps the trusses of the lower floor, starting a chain reaction of floors collapsing downward.



That is incorrect.

The floor trusses did not detatch. They sagged downwards, while remaining attached to the exterior columns. This sagging (which is clearly visible in NYPD aviation unit photographs) pulled the exterior walls inwards in a bowing shape (also clearly visible in same photographs). Like bending a stick, ultimately the exterior columns reached a critical failure point. At this moment the exterior columns TOTALLY FAILED ACROSS THE ENTIRE BUILDING FACE IN THE COLLAPSE ZONE.

What you are talking about is essentially 5 - 10 floors of exterior wall instantaneously failing.

This is the initiating event which caused the collapse - not floor failures. This is what caused the upper floors to free-fall onto the intact portion of the building with devastating force.

The photo you posted is an excellent example of this event, with the top portion rotating (it is not tilting) towards the failure point as it falls.



So we arrive at the crux of my post, which deals with building 7. What's puzzling here is the "Straight down" nature of the collapse that conspiracy theorists are always espousing as the smoking gun evidence of controlled demolition.


There are two things to consider. Firstly, it is exceptionally rare of buildings to "topple" over. Gravity will always follow the path of least resistance. We look at a tall building and think of it as a solid object that must topple, but it is not. It is a lattice-work structure of small componants, and the vast majority of its volume is air.

A building will not topple unless it tilts beyond its centre of gravity, and the lateral force required to move a building this far is absolutely enormous. Given that, in a collapse, the vast majority of force (gravity) is directed straight down, there is insufficient lateral force to generate a topple.

However, having said all that, uncontrolled collapses do tend to be very messy. Obviously there's no reason such a building should fall STRAIGHT down. As we saw with WTC1 and WTC2, in an uncontrolled collapse componants spill out in a fan around the footprint, devastating surrounding buildings.

Hence, why demolition teams are so highly paid - they must ensure the building falls neatly in itself, without damaging surrounding buildings.

Now, the problem here with WTC7 is the CT "own footprint" argument is a false one. WTC7 did NOT fall in its own footprint, and simply stating it did will not change this. The WTC7 "straight down" myth is one of the great urban legends of 9/11.

WTC7 fell sideways across Barclay Street into 30 West Broadway (Fiterman Hall). The only reason it didn't topple further was BECAUSE it hit Fiterman Hall. And Fiterman Hall was damaged enough from the collapse of WTC7 that it is to be pulled down and rebuilt.

It is about time this urban myth (which was born as a result of a photograph of WTC7 after Barclay St had been cleared of rubble) is halted.

-Gumboot
 
The first thing to realise is that in the video of the building collapsing, you can't see the bottom few floors.

This is important because WTC7 was built over an existing Con Edison substation and some of the lower floors were used to transfer load between columns that didn't align:

[SIZE=-1]The design of WTC 7 was larger than anticipated by the provisions of 1967, so additional foundation columns were sunk. Also, the placement of columns in WTC 7 above Floor 7 did not match all the tops of columns connected to bedrock and waiting to be used. Thus, a series of trusses were designed to transfer the vertical loads above Floor 7 and redistribute them laterally to match the waiting columns below Floor 4. This transition used triangular assemblies of structural steel joined into a framework spanning two stories, Floors 5 & 6.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=-1]

http://www.counterpunch.org/darkfire11282006.html

(this article is a good place to start as it's much shorter than the NIST document).

Any outward sign of failures on these floors wouldn't have been picked up on the video.

Also, the east penthouse sags 5-6 seconds before the general collapse starts, so this indicates that something was happening in advance of the collapse.

NIST are still investigating this and so we don't have all the details of what probably happened yet. However, this is NIST's most recently published thinking on how the collapse progressed:

NIST said:
Interior columns 79, 80, and 81, were located directly below the east penthouse on the roof and supported large tributary areas. It appears that some sequence of component failures in the region identified in Figs. L–29 and L–30 led to the failure of one or more of these columns, as discussed above. The failure progressed vertically upward within the failed bay to the roof level, based upon observations of window breakage relative to failure of rooftop structures, and was first visible from the exterior when the east penthouse lost support (see Fig. L–26).

The 5 s to 6 s delay between the failure of the east penthouse and the failure of the screenwall and west penthouse (shown in Fig. L–27) approximates the time it would take for the debris pile from the vertical failure progression on the east side of the building to reach Floors 5 to 7 and damage the transfer trusses and girders in this area.

A kink developed in the north facade approximately where column 76 projects to the north face. The kink may have formed in the plane of the north facade or it may represent a displacement in the structure along this line towards the south. The area of this kink correlates to the easternmost cantilever transfer at Floor 7. All of the Floor 7 cantilever transfer girders had back spans supported along the line of the north core columns, of which the easternmost one was supported by truss # 1. This north facade kink also coincides with the girders at the eastern edge of the cooling tower area at Floor 46. When the screenwall and the west penthouse sank into the building, a line of windows broke from Floor 44 down to the bottom of the visible range, which is approximately at Floor 33 on the west side of the structure (see Fig. L–27). This area aligns with column 61, which is supported by the cantilevered end of transfer truss #3 between Floors 5 and 7, as shown in Fig. L–31. This suggests that the observed window breakage may be related to the failure of column 61 or truss #3.

The simultaneous failure of screenwall and west penthouse structures, window breakage on the west side of the north facade, and initiation of global collapse (see Fig. L–28) indicates that the building loads could no longer be supported. Horizontal progression of the collapse appears to have occurred after the vertical collapse on the east side of the building. The greater strength of Floors 5 and 7 relative to the other floors and the transfer trusses between these floors suggests that this region of the building played a key role in destabilizing the remaining core columns, and the global collapse occurred with few external signs prior to the system failure.

All of the photographic and videographic records show the north facade collapsing from below the visible area; the facade appears to sink into the ground without any sign of the other floors in the visible portion of the building collapsing. This may indicate that the collapse of the facade starts below the area visible in the photographic and videographic records.

Full details in the report:

http://wtc.nist.gov/progress_report_june04/appendixl.pdf

see also:

http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/WTC Part IIC - WTC 7 Collapse Final.pdf

[/SIZE]
 
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Rather, the somewhat lighter floor trusses are what fail from fire, essentially detaching a floor from its support columns, at which point it drops downwards onto the floors below

This is not what NIST says happened. You understand that, right?

Clearly before the progressive failure of the floor trusses began, the top of this tower started to tilt over.

Which is more much reasonable given NIST's method of collapse initiation.

This is almost certainly due to the softening of the central columns by the fire, progressive collapse then followed, indeed was probably triggered by, this tilting of the top.

I think you have cause and effect backwards. The tilting is due to the collapse, not the other way around.


Arguments about how "what you would expect means nothing unless you're a structural engineer" are in vain, as structural engineers don't govern the basic behaviour of materials under certain conditions. Even the layman is able to state with certainty that steel does not just collapse into itself.

This is gibberish.

it appears that the support was undermined at the very base of the building and the rest of it came down on top of it. If this was due to fire interacting with steel, would we not expecting to see the the entire building gradually lean to one side and just fall over?

Why?

I can justify why I would expect to see this logically.

Oh, I see.

Asymmetrical damage + asymmetrical heating = asymmetrical loading on support columns, which leads to stresses that will pull the steel members, and if they're weakened by fire they will easily buckle and lean over. What we actually see implies something different though.

No, in fact it doesn't.

You should look into the concept of a cascading failure. The process of re-distributing the loads throughout the building and progressively causing damage doesn't happen over seconds and minutes resulting in a tilting and falling over. The distributions happen in fractions of a seconds, shattering steel and ripping it from its bolts. Each failure propogates more loads around more more violently, breaking alot in a very little amount of time.


WTC7's point of failure was at the bottom floor. In this respect, we can think of WTC7 as being equal to the upper portions of WTC1 and WTC2. Both of these upper portions came "straight down" just as WTC7 did. The mechanism for this is best described as a cascading failure of the vertical support. WTC7 acted _exactly_ the same as WTC1 and WTC2, just it's point of failure happened at the bottom, not half way up.
 
This is a special exception:
trade_tower_collapse.jpg


Clearly before the progressive failure of the floor trusses began, the top of this tower started to tilt over. This is almost certainly due to the softening of the central columns by the fire, progressive collapse then followed, indeed was probably triggered by, this tilting of the top.

It's my understanding that the weakening of steel by fire is really just an increase in the malleability of the steel. That is to say, it bends more easily.

So we arrive at the crux of my post, which deals with building 7. What's puzzling here is the "Straight down" nature of the collapse that conspiracy theorists are always espousing as the smoking gun evidence of controlled demolition. While I don't think it is, it doesn't seem to jive with what one would expect. Arguments about how "what you would expect means nothing unless you're a structural engineer" are in vain, as structural engineers don't govern the basic behaviour of materials under certain conditions. Even the layman is able to state with certainty that steel does not just collapse into itself.
So every piece of WTC7 fell in place, not one piece made it to the street or across the street.

The only action shot I see of WTC7 is from a distance.

So you know it fell straight down, parts did not fall out? You have seen video of all sides falling straight down?

Where else would the building fall? How many buildings have you seen not fall down? Gravity works in the vertical, not lateral. Is there some force you know of that would make the building fall across town?

I seem to drop things they go down. What world are you talking about?

Sorry I can not help you because the building should fall down; up is not a great option but if part went up in time, you would have CD. Across is not a good option. Down is the way things fall. Fires in WTC7 burned all day long. I would think the steel through out the building was weak, and when that stuff fell through the top on one side it looked like the heavy stuff on the roof fell thought the building and the entire building fell down.

If you look at building 5 or 6, there were internal collapses all over inside the buildings. Complete floors fell due to fire. Fell due to fire.

WTC7 fell due to fire.

Falling objects fall down, WTC7 fell down. I like simple stuff. If building 7 had not burned more that 2 hours I would have been suspicious, but after 8 hours what is a burning building suppose to do? FALL

I am just a poor electrical engineer, I passed all my physics classes with an A. I am the best pilot in the world; but all pilots will say the same.

But I make my observations based on my experiences with the world over 54 years. I have never seen a big building fall anywhere but down unless the ground moves and or god intervenes. When god intervenes I have seen buildings fly.

9/11 fires raged in building 7 and it fell.
 
The first thing to realise is that in the video of the building collapsing, you can't see the bottom few floors.

This is important because WTC7 was built over an existing Con Edison substation and some of the lower floors were used to transfer load between columns that didn't align:

Thanks for the good answers. I think this piece of information is key, along with the fact that there actually was some tilting going on that isn't obvious. If anyone else can elaborate on the actual behaviour of the steel in building 7 during the collapse it would be welcome.
 
Beachnut and anti-sophist, please refrain from posting in my thread if you can't help but be patronizing and rude.

If I'm wrong about something go ahead and correct me, but I don't need your insults and smug superiority.
 
Beachnut and anti-sophist, please refrain from posting in my thread if you can't help but be patronizing and rude.

If I'm wrong about something go ahead and correct me, but I don't need your insults and smug superiority.

My post was neither patronizing nor rude. Let's not play up the victim complex. If you want smug superiority, I promise I can do alot better. You've had several falsities and misconceptions pointed out, and instead of acknowledging them and rectifiing the situation, you've decided to play victim.
 
Thanks for the good answers. I think this piece of information is key, along with the fact that there actually was some tilting going on that isn't obvious. If anyone else can elaborate on the actual behaviour of the steel in building 7 during the collapse it would be welcome.


One thing I observe about WTC7 that is very different to WTC1 and 2 is it seems to remained relatively structurally intact during collapse. WTC1 and WTC2 disintegrated - something I believe is explained by the exterior column failure - it wasn't actually an internal failure. Also the height plays a role.

In contrast the failure in WTC7 appears to be lower down. This makes sense since primary weaknesses - the transfer over the coned station and the big fuel tanks - were lower in the structure. In addition structural damage was not localised to a few upper floors.

I believe the "collapsing intact" or "bottom-down" failure of WTC7 helps to make it look more like a CD than the other two. Lastly, the failure of the Penthouse suggests an internal core failure prior to global collapse. As we know, the cores of WTC1 and 2 were the last componant of the building to fail.

So basically, the towers and WTC7 were practically opposites in every way, as far as collapse goes. I'm not at all surprised they look very different.

-Gumboot
 
My post was neither patronizing nor rude. Let's not play up the victim complex. If you want smug superiority, I promise I can do alot better. You've had several falsities and misconceptions pointed out, and instead of acknowledging them and rectifiing the situation, you've decided to play victim.

There's no victim complex, let me simplify it for you.

I'm not interested in what you have to say. So don't waste your breath. Three people posted the same thing before you without offending me, so your attitude is not needed. Thanks.
 
There's no victim complex, let me simplify it for you.

I'm not interested in what you have to say. So don't waste your breath. Three people posted the same thing before you without offending me, so your attitude is not needed. Thanks.

Talk about over-sensitive. Let me give you a piece of advice. If you dont' want me in your threads, don't say things that are untrue. That's the one-step recipe for my disappearance.
 
One thing I observe about WTC7 that is very different to WTC1 and 2 is it seems to remained relatively structurally intact during collapse. WTC1 and WTC2 disintegrated - something I believe is explained by the exterior column failure - it wasn't actually an internal failure. Also the height plays a role.

In contrast the failure in WTC7 appears to be lower down. This makes sense since primary weaknesses - the transfer over the coned station and the big fuel tanks - were lower in the structure. In addition structural damage was not localised to a few upper floors.

I believe the "collapsing intact" or "bottom-down" failure of WTC7 helps to make it look more like a CD than the other two. Lastly, the failure of the Penthouse suggests an internal core failure prior to global collapse. As we know, the cores of WTC1 and 2 were the last componant of the building to fail.

So basically, the towers and WTC7 were practically opposites in every way, as far as collapse goes. I'm not at all surprised they look very different.

-Gumboot

I read a few weeks ago in a thread here about the Oklahoma City bombing how at the front of the Murrah building, the support columns weren't situated on the ground, but rather an elevated platform type thing (properly called a transfer?). When the bomb went off it took it out, and the columns were effectively supported by nothing so it all came down. Having just learned about the transfer in Building 7 I'm thinking something similar probably happened.
 
Hey dazed,

Here is a beautiful video for you:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LD06SAf0p9A

Notice how the first thing to give out is the very top of the building. That should clear it up for you. This is a text-book case of an invisible fire causing the entire steel infrastructure of a skyscraper to give out all at once.
 
Beachnut and anti-sophist, please refrain from posting in my thread if you can't help but be patronizing and rude.

If I'm wrong about something go ahead and correct me, but I don't need your insults and smug superiority.

I do not know you nor am I concerned about that but - you do not get to dictate how people will respond to you in a thread unless you run the entire site. You do not here. We have moderators who control within the rules of this site and this forum. You are not one of them so please do not complain or expect to control responses. Aside from that, you are free to play in our sandbox but by the rules we all follow. If those are not to your liking, you have a decision to make. Otherwise, enjoy.:)
 
Hey dazed,

Here is a beautiful video for you:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LD06SAf0p9A

Notice how the first thing to give out is the very top of the building. That should clear it up for you. This is a text-book case of an invisible fire causing the entire steel infrastructure of a skyscraper to give out all at once.

What? Invisible fire? Good job 28th, you have moved to being a fire expert. Invisible fire? What is 28th talking about?
 
Having just learned about the transfer in Building 7 I'm thinking something similar probably happened.


Something similar as in a bomb took them out? Or something similar as in fire and debris damage took them out?

-Gumboot
 
Thanks for the good answers. I think this piece of information is key, along with the fact that there actually was some tilting going on that isn't obvious. If anyone else can elaborate on the actual behaviour of the steel in building 7 during the collapse it would be welcome.

If you can at least read the counterpunch article

http://www.counterpunch.org/darkfire11282006.html

and the NIST powerpoint overview

http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/WTC Part IIC - WTC 7 Collapse Final.pdf

and then come back with questions, I think that would be better. I suspect that nobody is much inclined to try and summarise NIST's working hypothesis here.
 
Something similar as in a bomb took them out? Or something similar as in fire and debris damage took them out?

-Gumboot

As in fire and debris took them out. I meant similar in the sense that the failure of the transfer was what caused collapse.
 

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