Millette did SEM-EDS tests, which is scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy.
Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy:
EDX, can miss elemental Aluminum, as Aluminum is covered in an oxide, this is also a fault in the Harrit and Jones study.
http://www.sharpprintinginc.com/911/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=70&MMN_position=186:186"THE PROBLEM WITH MICROSPHERES
The Problem with Microspheres
Steven Jones claims that the discovery of metallic microspheres found within the WTC dust is proof of the use of thermite to destroy the 3 towers. Are microspheres the "smoking gun" Steven Jones claims?
Frank Greening, PhD Chemist, has asked some thought-provoking questions concerning possible multiple origins of these said micro-spheres. The author, among others, attempted to stimulate an open discussion between Steven Jones and Frank Greening on this subject to help get to the bottom of this issue.
Listed below is a summary of possible objections to considering WTC microspheres as a "smoking gun".
When I e-mailed Frank to sum up his objections to the microspheres argument, he wrote me the following reply:
You ask me for a list of objections to the notion that iron-rich microspheres in samples of WTC dust are evidence for the use of thermite to bring down the Twin Towers. I think my main objection is that there appears to be a whole variety of microspheres with different chemical signatures. This suggests that most of the microspheres have a natural, chaotic, origin from many different source materials, all of which have simple explanations for their presence in the WTC remains.
However, I do need to see more X-ray spectra with an indication of how abundant a particular type of sphere is. (I think Jones claims to have analysed "hundreds" of particles!) Right now I think I have seen about 8 spectra and, as I say, these spectra are all quite different - some have Si, some do not; some have S, some do not; some have Ca, some do not; some have Cu, some do not...... and so on.
There ARE certain types of microspheres that would perhaps be hard to explain in the debris of an "ordinary" office fire, but so far I have not seen any in the analytical data on the WTC dust published by Jones or anyone else.
Cheers,
Frank
Frank and Steven's E-mail Exchanges
Frank posted on the JREF forum on 12-26-07
Quote:
Some Recent E-mail Exchanges with Steven Jones
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steven,
I would like to contribute to this research, so I will answer your questions
about OXYGEN, etc.......
It is well known that oxygen is not well Characterized by EDX, especially EDX done on old instruments. In fact, if you look in McCrone's book, which was published in 1973, none of the samples show oxygen peaks! Thus we have entry 432 "Zinc Oxide" which only has peaks for zinc! Clearly, the absence of oxygen peaks does not mean the absence of oxygen in the sample! The
spectra in McCrone's book were probably recorded with an electronic "gate" to eliminate low energy X-rays entirely. This was done because so-called
pulse pile-up of low-energy X-rays in first eneration EDX instruments caused detector saturation. Thus the low-energy peaks were not recorded. This is why the lightest element reported in any sample listed in McCrone's
book is Na with an X-ray at 1.04 keV. Nevertheless, McCrone's Particle Atlas
remains a very useful source of X-ray data of dusts, minerals, etc.
Even using a modern EDX instrument I would be very careful about quoting a quantitative oxygen number. Why is this? Well, light elements like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen emit very low energy X-rays ~ 0.5 keV or less. These X-rays are not very penetrating and have trouble escaping from the surface of the sample and passing through the window of the detector. However, oxygen also tends to chemisorb on the surface of many materials, enhancing the oxygen peak. The net result is that oxygen is not reliably measured by
EDX. For this reason I used Auger electron analysis, with a touch of argon-ion sputtering to removed chemisorbed species, to quantify elements
like C, O, N, in fly ash. This technique does not use X-ray emission to detect elements.
Now as for the particular spectrum in McCrones's book I forwarded to you, it was just one example of a combustion-related material that has microspheres and high iron. I will forward the spectrum of the incinerator ash as well.
It shows microspheres and iron is present in significant concentrations too. But please remember McCrone's sample was NOT magnetically separated. I am quite sure a magnetically separated ash sample, such as the one you have for the WTC dust, would show high iron by definition!
And one final point, my good friend Carrol Sanders has reminded me that fly ash is frequently used as aggregate in lightweight concrete, so microspheres may have been present in the Twin Tower's concrete even before the fires of 9/11. Given that so much concrete was pulverized during the collapse of the towers, fly ash debris would be present in large amounts in the rubble pile.
Regards, Frank
----- Original Message -----
From: Steven Jones
To: greening
Sent: Monday, December 24, 2007 12:10 AM
Subject: Re: Query
Frank,
1. As you read my query, you'll notice that I said I thought some sort of
cooperation could be worked out -- with you. When I made reference to those "hell-bent" on discrediting discoveries I was not thinking about you , but rather two or three others, out of perhaps a couple hundred collaborators I have worked with. I learned to be very careful before forming
collaborations.
At the same time, it is true I would have to get to know you better before
establishing a full collaboration if such were desired.
2. "Al : Si : S : K : Ca : Ti : Fe = 8 : 10 : 2 : 1 : 4 : 1 : 5"
a. Where is the oxygen? Oxygen is a major component of almost all the
iron-aluminum spheres in the WTC dust I have studied -- often the PRINCIPAL component.
b. How do these "fly-ash" spheres form, given the high melting point of
iron (about 1530 C)? Do the incinerators use forced-air?
Thanks for your comments, which I will consider more tomorrow.
Steven"
What EDX can do is to show the structure of Aluminum Silicates, I was trying to explain the findings in Layman's terms.
Finding of Kaolin, means the fuel for the chips has to be other than nano Aluminum.