I'm sure of some of these.
Questions I have at this point in the thread:
Q. Should soldiers who self-identify as atheists be allowed to consult with chaplains?
Yes.
Q. Does current military policy or practice prohibit soldiers who self-identify as atheists from consulting with chaplains?
No.
But there are de facto considerations of some widespread discrimination against non-believers. It's stuff that is currently already illegal. (Like letting participants in a Christian event get out of work duties and/or assigning punitive work duty to people who don't participate in such an event.)
Q. Should soldiers who self-identify as atheists, and who meet all documented requirements (including ordination or similar accreditation by a recognized organization of their belief system), be allowed to enter the Chaplain Corps and provide chaplain services to any soldier that requests them (regardless of the soldier's own belief system)?
First, to clarify: as I understand it, candidates usually begin their application process while still in school and not as soldiers. Other than that, yes.
Q. Does current military policy or practice prohibit soldiers who self-identify as atheists from meeting the documented requirements, joining the Chaplain Corps, or providing chaplain services to soldiers?
I think not, but Sarge disagrees. I see nothing in any of the requirements or forms specifying that either the candidate or the ordaining/certifying institution must be theist. Sarge says that in practice all of the currently recognized institutions are theists*. (I pointed to the Buddhist Churches of America who are of the Pure Land type of Buddhism--it's not clear that they are atheist, though theism is certainly not a central tenet.) I think that's only so far. I don't think there is anything that would prevent an atheist religion from being recognized as an ordaining entity.
*[ETA: Another point I don't think I made yet was that Sarge also assumes that a person ordained or certified by a theist organization couldn't possibly self identify as an atheist. Or maybe that doing so somehow would disqualify him under current laws.]
The proposed amendment, though, would put this doubt to rest
and allow for the recognition of entities that don't even refer to themselves as religions, which I think is a good thing.
[ETA: On this point, the OP was a little bit misleading. The proposal being discussed really isn't about whether or not a candidate who satisfies all the qualification requirements for being a chaplain can be rejected just for identifying as an atheist. So we've ended up discussing two pretty different things in this thread.]
The main question I have that has gone unanswered is a challenge to the assertion that there are functions of a military chaplain that cannot be performed by an atheist chaplain. What is an example of one such function? The only answer I've seen is Sarge's assertion that the primary function of a U.S. military chaplain is the dispensing of theist-based advice. My objection to that response is twofold: first, who says an atheist can't do that (or at least do it as well as a rabbi might be able to give that advice to a born-again Christian seeking advice about his personal relationship with Jesus)? and second, what evidence is there that this is in fact the primary function of U.S. military chaplains? It seems to go against the charge to be available to all soldiers regardless of beliefs.