Well, I can comment on one of the biggest differences I found in regards to salary and finances when I came to China. In Canada, there tends to be a credit-based mentality. You get loans for university. You get loans to buy your car. You get loans to buy a house. Etc., etc., etc. Most people are paying off various loans until they're well into their 50's. You buy now, pay later. The result of this is that the majority of the paycheck goes to making payments on your various loans, then using whatever is left for your daily living.
"Saving" money is not a huge priority; even when people have a budget where they can save money, there is a tendency to look at "leftover money" as an excuse to treat yourself, to splurge on something special.
In China, for the most part, it is completely the opposite. The focus is on saving money, they spend it like misers. And they only spend it when they have enough money to afford it (ie. don't take loans). With pensions and social support for the elderly almost non-existent, there's also huge pressure to save money to pay for themselves when they get older.
I remember when I was in university (in Canada), I got a job working at a lumber mill for a summer. I was one of the few white guys there; the majority of the workers were Vietnamese. Those guys were paid less than me; yet always, without fail, saved far, far more from their paycheck than I did from mine. I was single, responsible only for taking care of myself; they were responsible for caring for wives, children, relatives, etc. Yet they always saved more than I did. I lived pretty much from paycheck to paycheck; they were saving up for their children's university, or to buy a house, etc.
Much of it comes down to living style, and your own mindset. It is notable that in cities like Beijing and Shanghai, the younger generation are rapidly shifting to a mindset much more similar to that in Canada -- live for today, let tomorrow take care of itself. They are taking out loans for buying apartments and cars, and incurring significant personal debt.