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Fossil and Evolution

Originally Posted by VonNeumann [qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/helloworld2/buttons/viewpost.gif[/qimg]
Speculation, even from a Nobel Laureate, is still only that- speculation. More importantly, this particular guesswork doesn't change anything. The belief that life started elswhere and came here does not negate any of our evidence for evolution. The ID-creationists like to trot out this inane notion as if it were a non-religious alternative to evolution; when it is clearly in accord with their ideas about god. It only moves the site of "creation." Maybe another planet has better feng shui.

Besides, we know the elements come from space...we just don't know how prebiotic they were. We now know, that they don't need to be prebiotic at all, because we can form the molecules necessary very easy when we simulate early earth as the Bada recreation of the Urey Miller experiment showed. It shows that life molecules are robust and rather easily made given the conditions of the early earth...and it opens up a much stronger possibility for life forms evolving elsewhere. But we expect these life forms to start out like our lowest life forms--and, with enough time...they too can or may have evolved-- Nothing godly there, I'm afraid. Unless you equate slime mold and protists and rna fragments with the creator of the universe. They certainly are necessary for life on our planet...as special as we think they are, we can't do it with out them, and we wouldn't be hear if not for them. Now that we can measure the tiniest of the tiny--we see microbes everywhere!
 
What else is there when the facts aren't on your side.
I don't know. They could at least pretend to couch their nonsense in what is ostensibly the topic of discussion. When we're talking about abiogenesis, maybe talking about DNA/RNA/proteins/life/molecules would be relevant. When they launch into something like...

"Say there's a guy. His name is Fred and he repairs dental equipment for a living. Fred has two goldfish he won at a carnival. His girlfriend works for PETA and doesn't think the two fish should be such a small tank. While they're arguing about this one Saturday afternoon, there's a house fire ten miles away. How can the fish be in one tank and two tanks at the same time? It's impossible! I've disproved evolution!"

... it seems more like a smoke screen than an attempt to clarify the subject. Is it just that this is the type of thing that convinced them? Are they parroting an argument that's been jumbled through a telephone game-like-process? Or are things just so addled in their brain that their attempts to be clear come across as confused nonsense? Could this be an attempt to mimic Christ's parables? Is it maybe a way to pull the conversation away from a subject they don't understand? Are these fantasy prone people who just have overactive imaginations? What's going on here?
 
Von is big on metaphors...he does the Turing machine argument too--
...
Okay, Von, if there wasn't enough time, what do you imagine happened...and how can we test it to see if it's a valuable learning tool. Because we seem to have gotten pretty damn far on the theory we have.
Arti, I already told you one idea that is possibly consistent with quantum theory, that would allow for there to be enough time and still use random mutation and natural selection and that was backward time tunneling. I don't think it is any more outlandish than Lee Smolin's baby universe evolution theory.

And still, you and others love to call me a hatfield cuz you're mccoys. Quit labeling me a creationist. You told me yourself that evolution "designs" (a year ago). So I'm going to start calling you a "design afficionado".

I don't know why you brought up Crick's book on Consciousness unless I was wrong about his book suggesting panspermia being from the 90s -- maybe it was from the 80s. Maybe you were just saying that Crick would disagree with me on what I've suggested with regard to consciousness. If so, you are right about that. Crick was no dualist.

What makes me tick is this: what really would make me happy would be to see science learn much more about what is at the core of intelligence, of self-awareness, of consciousness...

All this arguing about evolution and the fossil record is sort of surfacey stuff. If random mutation and natural selection really works in finite time to generate new information, then such a mechanism must be sufficient to explain our own ability to create new ideas. The reason I doubt our creative abilities come from the mental equivalent of some kind of genetic algorithm sort of thing, some kind of mechanism, is because our minds can dream up things that transcend anything we have ever seen or experienced in any way, in the physical universe. Mathematics transcends our physical reality. How do we even come up with ideas for theorems that we want to prove?

I think there is something very special about how our minds work, that they are able to think of things to think of. We aren't zombies. By definition, evolution is a zombie because it is non-teleological.

What I've found, visiting this forum, is that most frequent posters here do not think telelogy exists in any domain that we know of, except one: the human mind.

Being that it is undeniable that teleology exists in the human mind, I ask, why is it parsimonious to believe that is a unique property? Why? What's so grand about insisting teleology does not exist anywhere else? (except maybe to a teensy degree in some animals)

To say teleology exists only in the human mind is dogma.
 
And Von--
You do know about horizontal gene transfer being added to the math with confirming results, don't you...

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=61885
http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20070029220033data_trunc_sys.shtml

Kleinman ignored this latest info. Certainly you were aware of this when revising the math that lead to your earlier conclusion, right?
I've been trying to interest people in the lateral gene transfer idea since the late 60s.

It should accelerate evolution. That's why I came up with the idea back then. It has taken a long time for science to start to accept this concept.
 
Since how abiogenesis occurs isn't known, how can this conclusion be known?

We have the theory of evolution. And there are a number of hypotheses regarding abiogenesis.

Reminds me of when I ponder the Universe. Trouble is I ponder it with little expertise in cosmology or physics. My expertise is in microorganisms that cause disease. Because that involves a heavy dose of genetic science I can say with confidence, your pondering shows little expertise on how the mechanisms of evolution work.

You claim the RNA hypothesis has been discarded. My understanding is all that has been questioned is how did you get to the RNA? In other words it didn't go back far enough. But Joyce demonstrated you can go from free RNA molecules to something resembling the material one considers living. And we have a great number of RNA based viruses.

The smallest genome listed on this site contains 10 genes and 5,386 base pairs. For a bacterium this Live Science article cites the "Carsonella's genome codes for 182 proteins." But you also have some unknown steps those protolife forms could have gone through that we just have not yet discovered.So you just can't go off making claims the probability is improbable. You don't know what processes occurred that could have acted as catalysts or how symbiotic chemical reactions played a part.
Your expertise being with micropathogens should put you in a position of understanding that viruses could not be precursors because they are just loose genetic material, free genes, that have very little else. They utilize a host cell's machinery to replicate. They do not metabolize. The are inactive until they can trick a cell into taking them inside. How could they exist before cells existed? If you dropped a virus onto a planet with no life, it would not replicate, it would do nothing until UV and cosmic radiation would tear it apart. It needs a cell to do ANYTHING.

I don't know why you bring up such HUGE genomes. I tried to make a case for the vanishingly tiny probability of something as small as 400 base pairs appearing by chance and you bring up something greater than 5000 base pairs. Was I not being extremely generous to posit something much much smaller than this tiny speck of life you offer?
 
Funny how the topic always devolves to some people making statements they can't back up, ignoring other statements that counter thier statemenst and then still other people get involved in trying to comment of the tone of the statements rather than looking at the substance of the argument.

So VonNeumann, I wrote you a very long post about why i feel your statement that the universe isn't old enough for abiogenesis seems to be a weak argument. Other people have addressed it as well, and you don't respond to it. What gives?

Then you say this as
Arti, I already told you one idea that is possibly consistent with quantum theory, that would allow for there to be enough time and still use random mutation and natural selection and that was backward time tunneling.
As though your idea is still an acceptable one, just because Crick thinks it couldn't have happened. Which is silly when we consider that Newton was a contemporary of the witch trials.

Then you pop out with this gem
What makes me tick is this: what really would make me happy would be to see science learn much more about what is at the core of intelligence, of self-awareness, of consciousness...
Which just means you don't read up on psychology, neuroscience and neuroanatomy.

Followed by this whopper:
If random mutation and natural selection really works in finite time to generate new information, then such a mechanism must be sufficient to explain our own ability to create new ideas. The reason I doubt our creative abilities come from the mental equivalent of some kind of genetic algorithm sort of thing, some kind of mechanism, is because our minds can dream up things that transcend anything we have ever seen or experienced in any way, in the physical universe.
So without even engaging on the discussion of your idea about the time frame for abiogenesis to occur.

You now go and throw out that grandmother of a speculative statement, which seems to be pure philosophy with absolutely no basis in understanding of culture, society, science, psychology or any sort of tried argument. mere assertion as blatant as a Kantian saying that it would be impossible for thought to think about thought.

Follwoed by the neo-Platonic speculation that:
Mathematics transcends our physical reality. How do we even come up with ideas for theorems that we want to prove?


Which would seem to indicate that you are deeply entrenched in belief without examing those beliefs in the least.

The reason i bring this up is that you haven't even defended you prior speculation from opposing debate and you just start throwing out even further wild speculation that is totaly off topic.

The polite thing to do would be to re-engage in defending your prior speculation before going on to other wild speculation.

So why not address the issues raised:
-your design based bias, which i refer to as determinism
-the counter arguments made about how your statistics are disagreed with.

You seem to be using magic words solely, and that would make it seem that you are the one engaged in dogma.
 
I tried to make a case for the vanishingly tiny probability of something as small as 400 base pairs appearing by chance and you bring up something greater than 5000 base pairs. Was I not being extremely generous to posit something much much smaller than this tiny speck of life you offer?


You totaly ignored the counter arguments, so this appears to be pompous hyperbole of the first degree, unless you meant it in jest?

Please discuss the counter arguments before slapping yourself on the back.
 
Funny how the topic always devolves to some people making statements they can't back up, ignoring other statements that counter thier statemenst and then still other people get involved in trying to comment of the tone of the statements rather than looking at the substance of the argument.

So VonNeumann, I wrote you a very long post about why i feel your statement that the universe isn't old enough for abiogenesis seems to be a weak argument. Other people have addressed it as well, and you don't respond to it. What gives?

Then you say this as

As though your idea is still an acceptable one, just because Crick thinks it couldn't have happened. Which is silly when we consider that Newton was a contemporary of the witch trials.

Then you pop out with this gem

Which just means you don't read up on psychology, neuroscience and neuroanatomy.

Followed by this whopper:

So without even engaging on the discussion of your idea about the time frame for abiogenesis to occur.

You now go and throw out that grandmother of a speculative statement, which seems to be pure philosophy with absolutely no basis in understanding of culture, society, science, psychology or any sort of tried argument. mere assertion as blatant as a Kantian saying that it would be impossible for thought to think about thought.

Follwoed by the neo-Platonic speculation that:



Which would seem to indicate that you are deeply entrenched in belief without examing those beliefs in the least.

The reason i bring this up is that you haven't even defended you prior speculation from opposing debate and you just start throwing out even further wild speculation that is totaly off topic.

The polite thing to do would be to re-engage in defending your prior speculation before going on to other wild speculation.

So why not address the issues raised:
-your design based bias, which i refer to as determinism
-the counter arguments made about how your statistics are disagreed with.

You seem to be using magic words solely, and that would make it seem that you are the one engaged in dogma.
Wow. I didn't mean to appear in such a way that frustrates you, and possibly others. Frankly, I 'd like to be more thorough and careful in what I say in response but it takes so much time to do so. More than I can afford to spend here.

I didn't see anything in my hasty review of posts in response to mine that indicated intermediate benchmarks in the path from abiotic to what might be posited as the simplest thing we might call protolife. Did I miss something?

I thought my response that, since no steps have been given that can be quantified, I would quantify one step for an example. Then I showed the simple arithmetic that it takes to jump that gap that I specified.

I didn't realize I had ignored some counter argument that explained there are steps much smaller than the step I chose to analyze.

I don't understand at this moment why you call my design based bias "determinism". To me, determinism is what Heisenberg dispelled. I go with Werner. I don't believe in determinism. I'm not dodging you ... I don't understand what you meant.

And on "the counter arguments made about how your statistics are disagreed with", could you snip a piece directly from the post you see as such a counter argument?

Thanks.
 
Originally Posted by VonNeumann [qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/helloworld2/buttons/viewpost.gif[/qimg]
Speculation, even from a Nobel Laureate, is still only that- speculation. More importantly, this particular guesswork doesn't change anything. The belief that life started elswhere and came here does not negate any of our evidence for evolution. The ID-creationists like to trot out this inane notion as if it were a non-religious alternative to evolution; when it is clearly in accord with their ideas about god. It only moves the site of "creation." Maybe another planet has better feng shui.
My only point of bringing up Crick on this is in response to someone else - if you don't follow the whole thread back you won't know why something is said, right?

Sure, you're right that it doesn't negate evolution - Crick wasn't negating evolution. Crick just thought, as many others do, that there is insufficient evidence for evolution to have happened on this planet the way it is talked about having happened. So Crick posited that much of the work was done on a planet far far away. He didn't say life didn't evolve - just that all of it didn't happen HERE.

So what's wrong with my bringing that up to show that you can be a Nobel laureatte (and old) and bring up something as outlandish as what Crick did?

See, somebody like Crick could say stuff like that and not worry about not getting any more grants.
 
I don't understand at this moment why you call my design based bias "determinism". To me, determinism is what Heisenberg dispelled. I go with Werner. I don't believe in determinism. I'm not dodging you ... I don't understand what you meant.
If you accept that the universe is uncertain, then how does the designer maintain its design to produce the variety of species which we observe?

Or is your theory of design restricted only to abiogenesis?
 
Huh?

You guys just make stuff up as you go along, don't you?

Oh. About the Burgess shale. I was being provocative by calling it a cover up. But let's look at what happened.

Walcott of the Smithsonian discovered these fossils in 1909. They were very mysterious and they did nothing to promote the theory of evolution, so they sat in the drawers at the Smithsonian, where Walcott had put them (hid them?) for about 50 years.

They caused quite a stir when Whittington and others brought them out for all to see in the 1960s. It prompted the label "evolution's big bang" and "Cambrian explosion".

I think it is difficult to understand why Walcott's discovery was not generally known, that's an understatement, for 50 years. Walcott was no amateur and was in fact, with one of the biggest museums in the world.

You think I make this up that it was intentionally hidden, so why don't you come up with a plausible explanation why such interesting evidence would not be shared with the world.
 
If you accept that the universe is uncertain, then how does the designer maintain its design to produce the variety of species which we observe?

Or is your theory of design restricted only to abiogenesis?

I don't understand your first question. On your second question, I believe that it is possible that if a sufficient amount of well-designed genomes existed here a billion years ago, that, left alone they might be able to diversify into all we see with no further interference. So I wouldn't say I entertain design as "restricted" to the beginning, but it seems to me that some sort of teleological thing is required at least at the beginning.
 
I don't understand your first question. On your second question, I believe that it is possible that if a sufficient amount of well-designed genomes existed here a billion years ago, that, left alone they might be able to diversify into all we see with no further interference. So I wouldn't say I entertain design as "restricted" to the beginning, but it seems to me that some sort of teleological thing is required at least at the beginning.
Do you believe that the species which have managed to "diversify" are the expected or unexpected results of the designer?
 
Your expertise being with micropathogens should put you in a position of understanding that viruses could not be precursors because they are just loose genetic material, free genes, that have very little else. They utilize a host cell's machinery to replicate. They do not metabolize. The are inactive until they can trick a cell into taking them inside. How could they exist before cells existed? If you dropped a virus onto a planet with no life, it would not replicate, it would do nothing until UV and cosmic radiation would tear it apart. It needs a cell to do ANYTHING.

I don't know why you bring up such HUGE genomes. I tried to make a case for the vanishingly tiny probability of something as small as 400 base pairs appearing by chance and you bring up something greater than 5000 base pairs. Was I not being extremely generous to posit something much much smaller than this tiny speck of life you offer?
Viruses have indeed adapted to use other cells. But pre-viruses may have reproduced, just less efficiently. Mitochondria seem to have become a permanent part of cells but perhaps were not always there. The cell may have been very inefficient and used some other mechanisms for energy.

When influenza enters your cell it splits into segments, the segments replicate in the cytoplasm then reassemble before emerging from the cell to infect the next. All a virus like this would need to replicate is a membrane to keep its segments in proximity and some transfer RNA or perhaps not even that, and the material to construct the new virus. (It's another way for 'recombinant' viruses to emerge as well. If two different strains infect the same cell which is not uncommon, the gene segments get mixed when they reassemble.)

I thought it did this outside the nucleus but this site has it entering the nucleus. But the premise is the same. It could have happened differently in the past and what we see now is the adapted version.

I'll have to go investigate how the flu virus makes new copies and give you the specifics. But the bottom line is viruses today are adapted to today. The first viruses could have been more like what you think of as protolife.
 
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Evolution is a theory that passed into the 'overwhelming evidence for it' phase at least a decade or more ago and anyone but a science purist would probably say it happened 3-4 decades ago. In fact the bulk of arguments evolution deniers put forth are based on 40 year old science. While a lot of the public is unaware of the progress of science in this field, evolution deniers add the choice of actually avoiding looking for it. They make no effort to search out the current state of the science, preferring instead to repeat what they heard from some other Evangelical. It sounded good to them. It was cleverly stated, but utterly false.

Sorry, but I have to strongly disagree with your timeline here.

It is true that we are constantly accumulating new evidence, and new kinds of evidence. It is true that evolution has been confirmed beyond a reasonable doubt for some time.

But you're flat-out wrong to suggest that there were perceived problems with evolution some 30-40 years ago. The last serious scientific debate that I am aware of about the truth of evolution is nearly a century old. The arguments that you're referring to about evolution deniers is not based on any challenge to the theory of evolution, it is based on cherry-picked quotes from a debate about how it occurs. (Specifically punctuated equilibrium vs gradulism.) And the case for evolution was very strong long before the latest and greatest lines of evidence were introduced through molecular genetics.

The fact that you believe there was a serious debate some 40 years ago means that you've accepted Creationist lies and misrepresentations about the state of science at that time. You have obviously not accepted their overall message, but they've mislead you.

Regards,
Ben
 
I think the most frustrating aspect of this whole conversation is that people seem to approach the question with a series of pat answers which in truth really don't answer the question as it was originally posed.

I admit that the analogy that I originally presented was at best poor and at worse false and misleading, but it seem that people have chosen with unfailing regularity to quote it, ignoring the fact that I had already acknowledged, in the very first post, that it failed in several important aspects. However, the aspect that I was trying to emphasize with the analogy, the perception of the continuity of evolution (absent all of the creationist baggage that has now been attached to it), still stands and has not been answered adequately: how can we claim that the extant evidence that we have from the incomplete fossil record at this very moment (not the hypothesized evidence that we assume would be availible to us from a complete fossil record) presents eivdence for the continuity of evolution?

People have answered variously with "intermediate forms" and "not enough time", which is strange because I dont think I implied that I was ever talking about a big jump in development, just a big jump in time (e.g., 1-2 million years when considering cetacean evloution, specifically the gap in the fossil record between Pakicetus and Ambulocetus or between Ambulocetus and Dalanistes). My point has mainly been that our claims to knowledge seem to far outstrip the current state of evidence, not that this discrepancy will never be resolved or that it even severly undermines evolution (both of which I don't believe). Thus, it seems that skeptics (as most of us are) would want to make conservative claims to knowledge based on the evidence.

In sum, I am not questioning the existence of evolution but rather the representation of evolution as continuous given the cureent extant evidence. Moreover, I am looking for a way to explain how the fossil record demonstrates the continutiy of evolution given its current fragmentary state.

Obviously we do not have a complete record of evolutionary history, and never will. However the best answer that I know of to your question is one that Gould and Eldredge gave in their first paper on punctuated equilibrium. (Which Gould then described in one of his early books of popular essays, which I don't have handy or I'd give you the cite.)

In this study they followed fossils of a particularly well-documented type of tribolite. Over a several million year period this tribolite changed form twice, both times very rapidly. It was a classic example of "gappiness" in the fossil record. However, for each gap there was a single coal mine in which we had preserved a complete record of the continuous transition. (If memory serves, one coal mine was in China and the other in upstate New York.) So for this species, over a several million year period, we have a complete fossil record in sufficient detail to demonstrate that the observed changes really were continuous.

This example was a centerpiece for Gould and Eldredge because it underscored the theory they were trying to promote, which is that speciation takes place in isolated populations. Therefore in most locations you had one species, then the next species, but have no trace of what came between. Therefore there is a certain "gappiness" to the fossil record that we can never get beyond unless (as with this type of tribolite) we are lucky enough to have a good fossil record of the small region where speciation actually took place.

That history is irrelevant to you. What is relevant to you is that we have examples where we can trace the process of evolution in great detail. While we cannot trace most species through most of time in much detail at all, the existence of these examples demonstrates that continuous evolution is both possible and has happened.

The significance is similar to the significance of ring species for proving that evolution can explain speciation. Ring species are very unusual. However their existence is important because they prove that gradual changes can add up to speciation.

Cheers,
Ben
 
Ben-

Thank you for your clearly written explanation. I think that it, along with Dr. Adquate's information about the forams, clears up a lot of questions I had about evolutionary time frame. I will give a more complete explanation of my reasoning later. Suffice it to say, I retract the questions (in so far as I asked any) in my OP.

That is not say that I do not still have problems with the way in which my question was dealt from both a pedagogical/androgogical and a general human courtesy standpoint, about both of which I will also post later.

Nonetheless, I reiterate the apologies that I have already offered about my ill-conceived and ill-posed OP and retract what I said in it.

Sincerely,

Michael
 
I'm sure this has been commented on repeatedly, but it just occurred to me. Gappiness in the fossil record is exactly what we should expect to see, given the fact that the fossil record is not perfect. We only see preserved fossils from large populations of creatures -- it's a statistical effect. But since the process of modification from parent species generally occurs when one group is isolated (either genetically through mutation in the germ line, which necessarily means a small population, or physically, which usually means a smaller population), then we should expect no fossils in the immediate transition. There just aren't enough until the new population grows. Then, the new population needs to attain a certain size probably just to increase the cahnce that we will see any fossils. We would need to be dang lucky to see anything, as in the trilobite example above.

ETA

Sorry, just thought it interesting that the very thing which is supposed to be a big problem for the theory is, in fact, predicted by the theory.
 
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Wow. I didn't mean to appear in such a way that frustrates you, and possibly others. Frankly, I 'd like to be more thorough and careful in what I say in response but it takes so much time to do so. More than I can afford to spend here.

I didn't see anything in my hasty review of posts in response to mine that indicated intermediate benchmarks in the path from abiotic to what might be posited as the simplest thing we might call protolife. Did I miss something?

I thought my response that, since no steps have been given that can be quantified, I would quantify one step for an example. Then I showed the simple arithmetic that it takes to jump that gap that I specified.

I didn't realize I had ignored some counter argument that explained there are steps much smaller than the step I chose to analyze.

I don't understand at this moment why you call my design based bias "determinism". To me, determinism is what Heisenberg dispelled. I go with Werner. I don't believe in determinism. I'm not dodging you ... I don't understand what you meant.

And on "the counter arguments made about how your statistics are disagreed with", could you snip a piece directly from the post you see as such a counter argument?

Thanks.


I wrote a rather lengthy post to respond to your statistical argument about the infinite time for dna.rna to arise.

Many answered to your post, I don't think that I need to post them. They in fact were specifically addressing the 'design' bias or the 'determinism' bias.

While the evolutionary use of the word determinism is separate from the physics and philosophical usage it is also very similar. It runs like this:

People often talk about humans and the evolution of intelligence, they say things like "It is a marvel that evolution worked to create intelligence, it is such a powerful thing that obviously it was selected for as a survival trait."

This is a determination of the end goal of evolution which is a mistake: evolution is blind. Changes in the genome and the environment are blind to the outcome of the path.

In the example of intelligence one of the possible paths could be:

Flicker of intelligence>more intelligence>greater intelligence> advanced intelligence

However this ignores the fact that intelligence is dependant upon the substrate of brain architecture and it is like talking about the evolution of the wheel without looking at wood working tools. Tools are developed for the task at hand one can not say that an arrow straightener is part of a chain that leads to the wheel. Because the tool is developed for the task at hand.

One of the likely paths to intelligence runs like this:

Hominid develops upright gate>narrowing of female pelvis>reduction in size of babies brain case at birth> increased growth rate of brain after birth> modification of brain growth to more brain growth.

During each phase of this process the adaptation of the proto-human is blind to the end of out come of increased brain growth. The original upright gate is not related to increased brain growth although it does encourage reproductive success and the same is true of each step, the reproductive success is not geared towards developing intelligence or in this case the capability for intelligence. It is geared to reproductive success and the exploitation of the environment that leads to reproductive success. The success of a modification is blind to the end result. It is a matter of contingent history, like a drop of water rolling on a surface, the end position is where the drop ends, not planned in advance.

So when you talk about the likelihood of a particular sequence in DnA/RnA and then compute some likely hood of it arising you are making an error of determinism, in looking at the potential paths that natural selection might have used, you can not start at the end point.

That is like looking at a computer chip and saying that it is the end path of technology and that it is statistically impossible because you are ignoring the path of contingent history that led to it. Yes the likelihood that a computer chip would randomly assemble itself from atoms is very low. However they do exist.

Please avoid the whole creationist part of the above example of human manufacture, it was chosen solely as an analogy.

I gave specific examples of possible intermediate steps in abiogenesis in that lengthy post.
 

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