The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876); The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884); Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894); Tom Sawyer, Detective (1896), all by Mark Twain
Spoilers are not marked. I doubt that I could spoil anything, anyway.
It took me a month or so to read East of Eden. Took me just a couple of weeks to read these four, plus Pudd'nhead Wilson, but then I taught two of them in American Lit and had never read the other two at all until recently. Let’s take a look at Twain, then.
Tom Sawyer was Twain’s first solo novel, though not his first book and far from is first fiction. It is set in the fictional St. Petersburg, Missouri, around the year 1845 or a little later. Narrated in omniscient third-person style by Twain, this novel is based on Twain’s boyhood recollections from Hannibal, Missouri, and is close to a ragbag of random anecdotes. To be sure, it has a sort of plot, showcasing the escapades of the widely-read but narrowly-experienced Tom and his friend the semi-illiterate Huckleberry Finn. It finds a kind of arc in the tale of a murder (witnessed by the two boys in a cemetery, where they have gone in quest of spunk-water and where a doctor and pair of grave-robbers have coincidentally come in quest of a cadaver). Tom and Huck know who the true killer is, and when the harmless town drunk is on the verge of being falsely convicted, they reveal the truth and Tom makes a deadly enemy of the murderer Injun Joe (the book was written somewhat before political correctness). There’s a youthful crush that Tom develops for Becky Thatcher, a section of being lost in a cave, and a finale in which Tom and Huck share in a treasure trove. In addition to these, there are the fence-painting scam, the Bible-school scam, the funeral scam, the . . .. You get the idea.
So how does it hold up? Twain wrote it not exactly as a boy’s book, but as a nostalgic book for those who once were boys. This time around I noticed how terminally irritating Tom is, a smart-assed, narcissistic kid who cheerfully disregards not only his own safety and comfort but also that of his best friends. Loose ends abound and are never woven into the fabric of the tale. Moments are funny, but it’s really hard now for me to get invested in Tom, and so the book seems to fall flat. Maybe it’s just me.
Huckleberry Finn is a more mature book and in it Twain shows more confidence as a writer. Crucially, Twain decided to allow Huck to tell his own story, in first person. True, he is barely literate in the earlier book, but he’s had a year of schooling, and he sweats out the narrative, told in his back-country Missouri dialect. Though it is still episodic, this novel has more structure than Tom Sawyer in that it falls into the picaresque mode, the thread on which almost all the incidents are strung being the Mississippi River. Clever lines still make me laugh, but by this point in his career, Mark Twain’s world view had soured, and the humor had become more cynical.
Huck takes up his tale where the earlier book end, explaining that Mr. Twain had made that book, and he told the truth—mainly. As a narrator and character, Huck is much more developed and interesting than Tom. The boys were about twelve or thirteen in their first appearance, so here Huck is fourteen, or “along in there” as he puts it. Having been adopted by the Widow Douglas, who sets out to “sivilize him,” Huck is jolted out of the everyday world of St. Petersburg (the fictional equivalent of Hannibal) when his wandering, abusive, alcoholic father, Pap, shows up after a long absence and drags him away, aiming to get Huck’s share of the treasure the boys found. Huck escapes by faking his own death, and in hiding out from a search party he meets the runaway slave Jim (who appeared in the first book, seeming there to be about the same age as Huck, but here a grown man with a wife and children). They flee downriver on a log raft, and from there on, their friendship grows.
Huck, to his admitted surprise, slowly discovers that the slaves among whom he has lived his whole life are no different in their emotions than whites. Jim has run away because the slaveowner is planning to sell him, and maybe he’ll never see his wife and children again. The more time Huck spends with Jim, the more their friendship deepens. At a crucial moment, Huck makes the decision not to turn Jim in, though he honestly believes that will condemn him to hell.
The two have run-ins with drifting con artists, with feuding Southern families, and with another murder that almost results in a lynching until the murderer turns on the crowd and shames them into dispersing. These issues are taken seriously, unlike similar occurrences in the first book.
Sadly, Twain didn’t really plan out the course of the story, and at a tense moment when Jim has been captured far down the river from his home, Tom Sawyer coincidentally and randomly shows up to hog center stage again. With Tom’s wild plans running the show, Jim loses almost all the humanity that Twain revealed when Huck was telling the story. In the end, the Tom ex machina reveals that Jim’s former owner has died and left him free, so almost everyone’s problems are over. This is a much better novel than Tom Sawyer. It is four-fifths a great novel, with a disappointing conclusion.
Twain, needing money, wrote parts of several more books involving Huck and Tom, and he actually published two of them. Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective are short, hardly more than novellas. I’d never read them before, so they were new to me. Both are narrated by Huck. Alas, they are not impressive.
The former is, or sets out to be, a parody of travel-adventure novels like Around the World in Eighty Days. Tom and Huck, back hack home in St. Petersburg again, go to watch a balloon ascension, accompanied by Jim, who is no longer a slave but whose affect has relapsed into minstrel-show territory. The balloon is actually a dirigible, created by a mad inventor. Now, the era of the book is approximately 1850, so this is kinda-sorta science fiction. I mean, the balloon’s power plant is a technobabble revolutionary engine that never needs refueling, and the craft is sturdy enough that it can pack rations for three months, enough to take it clean around the world.
Anyway, while our heroes are touring the airship’s cabin, the crazed inventor suddenly casts off the lines, the dirigible rises, and Huck, Tom, and Jim are trapped aboard it. Seems the guy has been whipped to fury by the doubts of the hoi polloi and by gar, HE will show them! He’ll travel around the world in a month, a MERE MONTH, and then when he’s proved himself and his invention, he’ll crash the craft and commit suicide, and THEN they’ll be sorry! Bwah-ha-ha! As the terrified Tom, Huck, and Jim beg him just to set them down any old where, the insane inventor decides to throw them overboard from an altitude of two miles, but of course he falls to his own death.
No worries. Tom dopes out how to fly the dirigible, teaches the skill to Huck and Jim in no time at all, hardly, and then at his insistence they fly east. Tom intends to take the aircraft to England, land, and then become world-famous and rich before returning home to bask in the adulation of the crowd.
For virtually the entire piece, the material consists completely of Tom telling the other two about some scientific or geographical fact (e.g. in real life states are not different colors as they are on the map) and then Huck and Jim argue with him. Very repetitive and, frankly, not funny or even mildly interesting. Eventually the three cross the Atlantic (it takes about a week or ten days week from Missouri to the far side) and then they strike not England but North Africa, and most of the rest of the book follows them across the Sahara, which is infested by whole circusfuls of wild lions and tigers. Not much happens, and the story abruptly ends in the Middle East when Tom breaks his corncob pipe. He sends Huck and Jim back to Missouri to fetch him a new one, they go, and in just three days this time, they return with the word that Aunt Polly wants Tom to come home right that minute!
He does. End of novel.
Tom Sawyer, Detective takes place at the same time asAbroad. An alternate-universe story, I suppose. Anyway, Tom’s Uncle Silas, down in Arkansas, is also down in the mouth, and remembering how Tom and Huck kept life lively and amusing in Huckleberry Finn Uncle Silas's wife Aunt Sally asks Tom's Aunt Polly to send the boys downriver to cheer the old man up. On the steamboat they meet a jewel thief who just happens to be the twin brother of the self-same hired hand who has been driving Uncle Silas nuts and plunging him into depression. The thief is being hounded by his former partners, whom he double-crossed, and he’s scared that they’re plotting to kill him.
Before the steamboat gets to Uncle Silas’s digs, the jewel thief slips off the boat in the dead of night. The two bad guys light out after him to retrieve a couple of big old diamonds he stole from them. Huck and Tom trail the bad guys. . . and somebody gets killed in the night, and Uncle Silas is so rattled that he confesses to the murder, but the boys know better—
Again, Twain hastily wraps up the plot in the last chapter, in which Tom solves the murder (he doesn’t deduce anything at all, he has learned all he needs to know from the thief). Everybody goes home happy, and Huck and Tom get a reward.
The novellas are so slight that they scarcely merit seeking out. The best one can say of them is that they are mostly harmless, and the worst is that Twain was writing fast and carelessly and exploited the popularity of his first two Tom and Huck novel for a quick dollar or two.
Ranking them, I’d say Huckleberry Finn is by far the best, Tom Sawyer a fairly distant second, and the other two far, far behind. Detective does not drag Jim in just to humiliate him and so is a slight cut above Abroad but that’s not saying much.
tl/dr: Mark Twain wrote four books about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, but only two are worth reading.