Philosophy cannot "examine" the universe. All that philosophers have ever done, and all that they can do, is to talk about what seems to them in their thoughts to be possible explanations for things in this world/universe. They cannot actually "examine" anything! Philosophy has never actually discovered or explained anything about the Earth, about people and evolution, or anything about space, the stars, galaxies, or the Big Bang ... all of that has come purely and entirely from modern-day science ...
... almost all of our real knowledge has come from scientific study, calculation, observations, experiments and thoughtful analysis ... followed by testing in every way possible to check our conclusions. That's all science. Philosophy has added not a single thing to any of that.
Philosophy cannot "prove" anything about the universe. And it never has proved anything about it. Everything we know about the entirety of the Earth, solar system, galaxy, all of space , the Big Bang, the structure of energy & matter with particle-fields, all of living evolution on earth ... almost everything imaginable, literally billions of explanations, that has all come through science, and none of it through mere "philosophy" (and not of course through any mere religious faith either).
The only reason that any philosophers or any Islamic theists know anything about a Big Bang, or about anything in the universe, is because science has explained all of that ... otherwise you would be entirely ignorant of all of it, just as Mohamed was when the Quran was written.
Philosophy has long ago been supeseded by science. Philosophy has no role any more in determining, discovering or explaining the actual world of reality around us.